Resonance structures complexes

At the same time proof accumulated that arynes can be considered as real intermediates and not, e.g., as resonance structures in the activation complex of the transition state ... 

The regioselectivity observed in these reactions can be correlated with the resonance structure shown in Fig. 2. The reaction with electron-rich or electron-poor alkynes leads to intermediates which are the expected on the basis of polarity matching. In Fig. 2 is represented the reaction with an ynone leading to a metalacycle intermediate (formal [4C+2S] cycloadduct) which produces the final products after a reductive elimination and subsequent isomerisation. Also, these reactions can proceed under photochemical conditions. Thus, Campos, Rodriguez et al. reported the cycloaddition reactions of iminocarbene complexes and alkynes [57,58], alkenes [57] and heteroatom-containing double bonds to give 2Ff-pyrrole, 1-pyrroline and triazoline derivatives, respectively [59]. 

Using CO-saturated hydrocarbon matrices, Pearsall and West" photolyzed sily-lene precursors at 77 K and monitored CO coordination to the silylenes by UV-vis spectroscopy (Scheme 13). Bis(trimethylsilyl)silanes 44a-c or SifiMcji were irradiated at 254 nm to create silylenes 45a-d, which reacted with CO, causing new peaks to ca. 290 and 350 nm, which were attributed to complex 46a-d, a resonance structure of silaketene 47a-d. Silylene adducts form fairly weak bonds, as seen by warming of the matrices. In the case of silylene adducts where one R = Mes, the CO dissociates and the corresponding disilene 48a-c peaks in the UV-vis spectra observed upon warming (R2 = Me most likely produced silane rings Si, Me6. etc.). 

The second of the resonance structures is the source of the radical reactivity displayed during oxidation and the Mn(III) in this structure must be low-spin to preserve multiplicity. Substitution at the meso-position could provide steric hindrance to analogous decompositions and reactions of the Mn(IV) complexes of ethyl- and benzylmalonic acids, and a conventional one-equivalent oxidation step becomes dominant. 

Figure 3 shows 13c MAS spectra of acetone-2-13c on various materials. Two isotropic peaks at 231 and 227 ppm were observed for acetone on ZnCl2 powder, and appreciable chemical shift anisotropy was reflected in the sideband patterns at 193 K. The 231 ppm peak was in complete agreement with the shift observed for acetone diffused into ZnY zeolite. A much greater shift, 245 ppm, was observed on AICI3 powder. For comparison, acetone has chemical shifts of 205 ppm in CDCI3 solution, 244 ppm in concentrated H2SO4 and 249 ppm in superacid solutions. The resonance structures 5 for acetone on metal halide salts underscore the similarity of the acetone complex to carbenium ions. The relative contributions of the two canonical forms rationalizes the dependence of the observed isotropic 13c shift on the Lewis acidity of the metal halide. 

From eqns. 4.50 and 4.51 it can be seen that complex 1 is converted into complex 2 by a stronger base 2 or into complex 3 by a stronger acid 2 in other words, complexes 2 and 3 are much more stable than complex 1. Whereas reactions 4.48 and 4.49 are addition reactions, reactions 4.50 and 4.51 are exchange reactions often Lewis titrations must be carried out in completely inert solvents such as alkanes or benzene because of instability of the titrants and titrands in other media. Examples of potentiometric Lewis titration curves are given in Fig. 4.9 for CS2 and C0220, where one of their resonance structures can react as a Lewis acid with OH as a Lewis base ... 

Meanwhile, Parkin and his co-workers have also reportedthe synthesis of a series of terminal chalcogenido complexes of germanium 66, 67, and 68 (Scheme 20).42 X-ray structural analyses of 66, 67, and 68 revealed that they have unique germa-chalcogenourea structures stabilized by the intramolecular coordination of nitrogen atoms. The central Ge-X (X = S, Se, Te) bond of 66, 67, and 68 should be represented by a resonance structure, Ge+ - X- —>- Ge=X, because their bond... 

The importance of pi-complex resonance structures such as (3.181) can also be directly assessed with NRT analysis (Section 1.6). For the equilibrium C3H6 structure corresponding to the electron-density map in Fig. 3.81(a), the optimal NRT resonance weightings are found to be... 

Even the allyl anion can be seen as an example of resonance-enhanced coordination. As shown in Section 4.9.2, r -CsHs- complexation is accompanied by a shift toward the localized H2C —CH=CH2 resonance structure that places maximum anionic character at the metal-coordinated carbon atom. In effect, the carbanionic lone pair nc is shared between intramolecular nc 7icc (allylic resonance) and intermolecular nc—>-n M (metal coordination) delocalizations, and the former can be diminished to promote the latter, if greater overall stabilization of the metal-ligand complex is achieved thereby. 

The RAHB effect may be illustrated by the ubiquitous C=0- -H—N hydrogen bond of protein chemistry. As shown in Section 5.2.2, the simplest non-RAHB prototype for such bonding, the formaldehyde-ammonia complex (5.31c), has only a feeble H-bond (1.41 kcalmol-1). However, when the carbonyl and amine moieties are combined in the resonating amide group of, e.g., formamide, with strong contributions of covalent (I) and ionic (II) resonance structures,... 

The mechanism involves the dissociation of the coordinated borane 15 to generate a monoborane intermediate 16. Coordination of the alkene would generate the alkene borane complex. A /3-borylalkylhydride with B-H stabilization is certainly an important resonance structure of 17. An intramolecular reaction would extrude the alkyl boronate ester product and coordination of HBcat would regenerate the monoborane intermediate. 

The question as to whether a transition metal complex of type 4 is best described as an alkene 7T-complex 4A or as a metallacyclopropane 4B, which is of practical importance, has been addressed in several computational studies on the relationship between alkene 7T-complexes and three-membered rings [48—52]. It has been concluded that the titanium complexes of type 4 are best represented as titanacydopropanes, i.e. by resonance structure 4B, if one is willing to accept the notion that 4A and 4B are limiting resonance forms [52],... 

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