Resistant starch dextrinized starches

As can be seen from the data in TABLE 5 the low viscosity starch octenyl-succinate closely matches the oxidation resistance of gum arabic. This product would offer improved shelf-life over a standard starch dextrin and similar stability to a gum arabic encapsulated flavor. 

Smith and coworkers - have subjected starch dextrins to the classical techniques of structural carbohydrate chemistry. In one study, four commercial maize-dextrins were fractionated from aqueous ethanol to obtain a sub-fraction which was the most resistant to periodate oxidation. This material was then methylated, the product hydrolyzed, and the resulting methylated sugars analyzed by column chromatography. Table II shows the results. The complexity of the dextrin structure is shown by the fact that only components 1, 2, and 5 arise in any large proportion from the methylation of maize starch. It is of interest that no traces of a methyl... 

In the presence of surfactant along with poly(vinyl alcohol) finer particlesized latices are formed. The emulsions form clear, glossy films. On addition of borax, such latices may be coagulated. Combinations of synthetic colloids with siurfactants may produce fine-particle emulsions stable to borax and other additives such as starches, dextrines, and salt. Many natural gums have been used as protective colloids along with surfactants to produce fine-particle, water-resistant, borax-stable emulsions [128]. 

Isoamylase is used primarily in the production of food ingredients from starch (e.g. glucose syrup, maltose and maltitol, trehalose, cyclodextrins and resistant starch). It is typically used in combination with other amylolytic enzymes, such as a-amylase, p-amylase and glucoamylase, which further degrade the linear dextrins that arise from the debranching activity of isoamylase. The recommended use levels range from 50 to 5000 lAU/g starch. 

Dextrin starch gum, aq. 18 20 60 8 Resistant <3 <0.5 Hostalen Hoechst Celanese Specimen 50X25X1 mm (2X1X0.04 in) from press-molded sheets to DIN 53455... 

Starch octenylsuccinates offer excellent emulsifying properties, flavor oil retention and good oxidation resistance versus gum arabic. They can be made on a variety of starch bases, dextrins or fluidities which provide versatility and improved spray-drying costs. Starch octenylsuccinate are low in cost, domestically produced and are not subject to the market fluctuations that gum arabic encounters. 

There have been several examinations of the structure of Nageli dextrin,405407 which is prepared by the prolonged action of acid on granular starch. In one study,405 there was separated from waxy maize a branched fraction that was resistant to pullulanase action. As this fraction contained some molecules having two branch points that were in close proximity, it was considered that this may have hindered hydrolysis, and that it could be of relevance to studies on the structure of the original amylopectin. 

Fig. 5.—The Smallest, Resistant Dextrins Obtained on the a-Amylolysis of Starch, Using Enzymes from (a) Hog Pancreas, Human Saliva, and Aspergillus oryzae (b) Malted Barley and (c) Bacillus subtilus." [Q. a-D-glucose residue , reducing D-glucose residue —a-D-(l— 4) bond , a-D-(l- 6) bond.]...

The Schardinger dextrins have also been reported " to lie stable to alpha-type amylases. However, in a study of the action of salivary amylase, French and coworkers " found that while the a-dextrin is essentially completely resistant, the /3-dextrin is attacked very slowly indeed and the 7-dextrin is attacked about 1 % as rapidly as is starch. Here it is clear that the ring size exerts an effect possibly the smaller rings have greater rigidity and hence cannot adapt their shape to that inquired by the enzyme. 

The formulation of starch and dextrin adhesives can be viewed more as an art than the result of rigorous scientific study. Not surprisingly, the purpose for whieh the adhesive is to be used and the method by which it will be applied greatly determine the properties needed in the resin. Factors that must be controlled inelude viseosity, solids eontent, stability, tack, slip, substrate penetration, drying rate, flexibility, water and mierobial resistance, and cost. Some of these are determined by the type of stareh or modification, while others require the addition of an additive to give the adhesive the desired properties. In the sections below we diseuss some of the most common additives that are used with starch-derived adhesives. 

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