Resistance to external impact

This chapter considers the external impact of crashing aircraft, sabotage and the effect of explosive pressure wave. The external impact is considered with reference to engineering defence measures aircraft impact, otherwise, can be prevented, with variable degrees of effectiveness, by provisions such as by modifying flight corridors or by protecting the nuclear power plant with special forces, etc. 

---

Provision of an enhanced resistance to external impacts (including human actions of malevolent character) ... 

Additional improvements have been incorporated since 1966 with the availabihty of thinner float glass. Glass thickness and interlayer thickness have been studied to optimize the product for occupant retention, occupant injury, and damage to the windshield from external sources (30,31). The thinner float glass windshields are more resistant to stone impacts than the early plate glass windshields. The majority of laminated windshields are made of two pieces of 2—2.5 mm aimealed glass and 0.76 mm of controlled adhesion interlayer. 

The following features and measures are provided for to secure high resistance of a floating NPP to external impacts ... 

Discovery of amorphous silicon and its dopability has already had a tremendous impact on industrial applications of amorphous materials. Amorphous Si is now used fairly extensively as a photovoltaic material. In photovoltaic applications, solar photons excite the electrons across the gap and the resulting electron-hole pairs, are driven towards the respective electrodes in order to prevent their recombination. Electron is driven through an external resistance to generate the electrical power. The efficiency of conversion of solar energy to electrical power is characterized by an efficiency factor, r, which is given by. 

This chapter is the first in a series that will make the case that many of the important features of real materials are dictated in large measure by the presence of defects. Whether one s interest is the electronic and optical behavior of semiconductors or the creep resistance of alloys at high temperatures, it is largely the nature of the defects that populate the material that will determine both its subsequent temporal evolution and response to external stimuli of all sorts (e.g. stresses, electric fields, etc.). Eor the most part, we will not undertake an analysis of the widespread electronic implications of such defects. Rather, our primary charter will be to investigate the ways in which point, tine and wall defects impact the thermomechanical properties of materials. 

From the consumer s standpoint, body is associated with fullness, volume, springiness, and bounce. Clarke et al. [188] stated that the visual impact of voluminous hair moving in a controlled manner is a universal description of hair with body. Another definition of hair body given by Hough etal. [189] is a measure of a hair mass s resistance to and recovery from externally induced deformation. ... 

Cracking - Appearanee of external and/or internal eraeks in the material as a result of stress that exeeeds the strength of the material. The stress can be external and/or internal and can be caused by a variety of adverse conditions stmctural defects, impact, aging, corrosion, etc., or a combination thereof. Also called resistance to cracking, grazing, cracking resistance. 

The pottant is the vibration damping, elastomeric material that immediately surrounds both sides of the fragile solar cell wafers and their electrical contacts and interconnects. It must be soft, transparent, electrically insulating, weather resistant, chemically inert and form strong and stable adhesive bonds to the surfaces it touches. It protects the cells from stresses due to thermal expansion differences and external impact and isolates them electrically. The pottant also helps protect the circuit metallic contacts and interconnects from the corrosive effects of moisture, salt, smog, etc. 

The painting areas of a ship are shown in Figure 11.1. The main requirement of marine coating systems is corrosion prevention. Detailed requirements vary with the particular internal or external area (e.g., chemical resistance in cargo tanks resistance to seawater in ballast spaces heat resistance in engine rooms impact and abrasion resistance on boottoppings, external hulls, and decks cosmetic qualities on superstructure and topsides). 

In the present context, it is important to recall that two types of BLEVEs are usually defined cold or unfired BLEVE, and hot or fired BLEVE. The first one is due to an impact in a road accident or to tank material defects. The second is thermally induced and may occur if the tank is exposed to an external fire (e.g., pool-fire or jet-fire). In the latter case, fire exposure causes a vessel wall temperature increase in the vapour space, decreasing mechanical resistance. Meanwhile, the internal pressure and the liquid temperature both increase, causing more severe tensions on the structure, which could loose its integrity in a catastrophic rupture. 

A protective shell with shared roles for protection against natural and human induced external impacts and resistance to the internal accident impacts ... 

Sharing of the functions of protection against external natural and human-induced impacts and resistance to internal emergency impacts ... 

---