Reservoirs Fields, summarized

We summarize what is special with these prototype fast ion conductors with respect to transport and application. With their quasi-molten, partially filled cation sublattice, they can function similar to ion membranes in that they filter the mobile component ions in an applied electric field. In combination with an electron source (electrode), they can serve as component reservoirs. Considering the accuracy with which one can determine the electrical charge (10 s-10 6 A = 10 7 C 10-12mol (Zj = 1)), fast ionic conductors (solid electrolytes) can serve as very precise analytical tools. Solid state electrochemistry can be performed near room temperature, which is a great experimental advantage (e.g., for the study of the Hall-effect [J. Sohege, K. Funke (1984)] or the electrochemical Knudsen cell [N. Birks, H. Rickert (1963)]). The early volumes of the journal Solid State Ionics offer many pertinent applications. 

Magnolia Field fluids properties, summarized in Table 1, are strikingly heterogeneous. Figure 5 illustrates this by way of a cross plot of fluid saturation pressure (bubble point and dew point pressures for oil and gas-condensate tests respectively) against measured reservoir pressure for available MDT samples. In very general terms, four fluid types may be defined. Undersaturated oils (solid circles in Fig. 5) are by far the most common. Noteworthy within this family are the two samples that have saturation... 

ERSA) samples of 59 wells in 29 oil, gas and gas-condensate fields were compiled from internal, proprietary Shell databases and Warren Smalley (1994). All data used were quality checked and contaminated samples or samples of dubious origin were excluded. Table 1 summarizes the fields, wells, sample location and formations from which the different types of sample were obtained. Field locations are shown in Fig. 1. Data were obtained from sandstone and sandstone/shale sequences at depths between 7300 and 19000 ft TVDSS. At these depths, reservoir temperatures and pressures are between 107 and 191 °C and between 323 and 1136 bars, respectively. 

This is Laplace s equation, which describes potential flow. It is widely used in heat flow and electrostatic field problems an enormous number of solutions to Laplace s equation are known for various geometries. These can be used to predict the two-dimensional flow in oil fields, underground water flow, etc. The same method can be used in three dimensions, but solutions are more difficult. The solutions to the two-dimensional Laplace equation for common problems in petroleum reservoir engineering are summarized by Muskat [3]. The analogous solutions for groundwater flow are shown in the numerous texts on hydrology, e.g., Todd [4]. See Chap. 10 for more on potential flow. 

Lyon and Hulston (1984) summarized the data available from three fields in the TVZ namely Wairakei, Broadlands (now referred to as Ohaaki) and Tikitere and obtained 4 C(CH4-C02) equilibrium temperatures in the 300-400°C range. These temperatures were some 100°C higher than the observed two-phase discharge temperatures. A possible explanation is that isotopic temperatures represent a frozen-in temperature from a deeper reservoir where isotopic equilibrium is being established. 

A polymer flood is being proposed for a thin reservoir that contains a 20-cp oil. Table 5.72 summarizes properties of the reservoir, rock, and fluids. The reservoir energy was limited, and primary recovery was negligible. Because of the high oil viscosity, a polymer flood is under consideration. Laboratory tests indicate that a polymer concentration of 300 ppm will increase the viscosity of field brine to 5 cp at the frontal-advance rates expected in the reservoir. Polymer retention at the 300-ppm injected polymer concentration is 20 mg/g, and the density of the rock matrix is 2.65 g/cm. IPV is 0.20. Estimate the oil recovery for a linear polymer flood in this reservoir as a function of PV s of polymer injected to a WOR ratio of 20. Plot oil recovery vs. PV s of polymer injected. Eqs. 3.14 through... 

Reservoir parameters for the two sandstone members are summarized in Table 1. Reservoir rock properties and fluid saturations were developed from log and core measurements obtained in the seven wells drilled to complete pilot area development. The initial oil saturation of 75 per cent indicated by log analysis is substantiated by both capillary pressure and resaturation data which indicate interstitial water saturations near the irreducible level. Residual oil saturations developed for each reservoir represent averages obtained from floodout of over 100 samples taken from the Vernon field. 

Despite this, especially in the last few years, research in this area has increased, based either on approaches previously found promising or on structural features now felt to be capable of reducing adverse reactions. Broadly classified, these recent and current approaches are in the areas of bulk polymers and copolymers, surface modifications, and modifications of mechanical properties or the use (or nonuse) of fillers. Other approaches to blood compatible materials such as treated umbilical veins and porcine heart valves or the use of polymers as reservoirs for the release of anticoagulants or platelet protective agents are not included in this discussion. Also, the review of these approaches is not intended to be exhaustive, but to summarize representative ongoing research in this field. 

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