Reproductive toxicology definition

The survival of all species depends on the integrity of its reproductive system. Reproductive toxicology may be defined as the study of the effects of physical and chemical agents on the reproductive and neuroendocrine systems of adult males and females, as well as those of the embryo, fetus, neonate, and prepubertal animal. This chapter focuses primarily on the potential sites of toxic insult in the reproductive systems of adult mammals, the biochemical mechanisms of such toxicants, and the manifestations that may result. The latter part of the above definition is a subspecialty of developmental toxicology (Chapter 34) and is discussed only in brief. 

An overview of the literature shows that in the majority of cases, CA did yield accurate predictions of combination effects, even with mixtures composed of chemicals that operate by diverse modes of action. The studies available were dealing with mixtures of chemicals having an unspecific mode of action (membrane disturbance or narcosis) or with pesticides, mycotoxins, or endocrine disruptors. In ecotoxicol-ogy, CA usually produced more conservative predictions than IA. There are indications that this is true also for mammalian toxicology, but more data are needed to come to more definitive conclusions. The validity of CA or IA was confirmed for individual-based endpoints like growth or reproduction, but also for effects at the cellular or subcellular level and for community-based endpoints. 

Definition Mixt. of ioxaglate meglumine and ioxaglate sodium Empirical C24H21I6N6O8 Properties M.w. 1268.90 m.p. 302 C Toxicology LD50 (IV, rat) 13,300 mg/kg mildly toxic by IV route experimental reproductive effector... 

Classification Primary aliphatic amine Definition Primary aliphatic amine of palmitic acid Empirical C16H35N Formula CH3(CH2)i4CH2NH2 Properties Wh. solid char, amine odor m.w. 241.52 m.p. 39 C cationic Toxicology LD50 (IP, mouse) 200 mg/kg TDLo (oral, mouse) 40 mg/kg poison by IP route experimental teratogen and reproductive effects TSCA listed... 

Definition Natural insecticide obtained by extraction of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefoiium flowers, or made synthetically Properties Vise, liq. si. sol. in water dens. 0.84 b.p. 170 C ( 0.1 mm) (dec.) ref. index 1.45 Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA 5 mg/m r LD50 (oral, rat) 200 mg/kg, (IP, rat) 200 mg/kg LDLo (oral, human) 1 g/kg, (IV, rat) 5 mg/kg poison by ing., IP, IV routes mod. toxic to humans by ing. allergen rapidly detoxified in Gl tract, but can cause Gl, respiratory, and CNS effects chronic exposure damages liver experimental reproductive effector TSCA listed Precaution Combustible exposed to heat or flame... 

Classification Polymer Definition Sodium form of a sulfonated divinylbenzene-styrene copolymer cation exchange resin Empirical (CsHsOsS Na)x Properties Golden brn. fine powd., odorless, char, taste insol. in water anionic Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) > 8 g/kg, (oral, mouse) > 10,125 mg/kg mildly toxic by ing. irritant experimental reproductive effects TSCA listed... 

Definition Zinc salt of citric acid Empirical C12H16O14 3Zn Formula [HOCCCHzCOOlzCOOlz 3Zn Properties Cryst. si. sol. in water insol. in chloroform, ethanol, ether m.w. 290.18 Toxicology Experimental reproductive effects TSCA listed... 

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