Repelling equilibrium state

Neutral molecules, dissolved, dispersed or suspended in a liquid medium, are in continuous random motion (Brownian motion) with a mean free path (x) and collision diameter (xe), depending on c and vex effects. At a far separation distance, is negative, increasing to 0 at xe, where repulsion counterbalances attraction and the amphiphiles are at dynamic equilibrium in a primary minimum energy state. At x High concentrations shorten x and make the collision rate nonlinear with c, (Hammett, 1952). A separation distance of x < xe is sterically forbidden without fusion. 

No Mutual Solubility or Intermetallic Compound Formation System The mechanical properties of interfaces can be predicted based on the form of the binary equilibrium phase diagram [103]. Weak interfaces result in phase systems which do not form compounds or exhibit solubility. This behavior results because the unlike atomic species repel each other, typical of a system like Cr-Cu (Fig. 27). The binary phase diagram shows these species do not exhibit solubility or compound formation, and that the metals do not mix in the liquid state for most compositions. Interfacial adhesion can be improved in these systems by the addition of a glue layer which reacts with both metals. For the Cr-Cu system, the glue layer can be oxygen or another metal such as aluminum. Alternatively, the adhesion can also be achieved... 

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