Repatriation and return

These initiatives formed the precursors to more recent trends in facilitation of repatriation and return (p. 501) through engagement with development processes in areas of return, and a de facto widening of UNHCR s mandate to consider not only protection of refugees but promotion of durable solutions. Despite the geographic distance between them, the two processes in part informed each other, as was evident in the repatriation of Eritrean refugees from Sudan in the early 1990s, which explicitly borrowed lessons from the CIREFCA process (see McSpadden 1999). 

Repatriation and return may involve a process of negotiating one s political identity as well—(re)establishing one s citizenship rights and place within a particular political community (see Long forthcoming). Returnees may face hostility from those who remained behind as they compete with these stayees for jobs, resources, and political voice. 

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) Federal legislation intended to protect and return certain archaeological human remains and culturally significant artifacts to native Americans. 

For the merchant auxiliaries that survived, World War I had ended none too soon. For some, national service continued for many months more with repatriation duties but at least they no longer had to contend with the insidious wartime hazards of torpedo and mine. W hen this work was completed the ships were demobbed one by one and returned to their normal employment sparkling company colours to hide drab grey or psychedelic dazzle extravagance and luxury to replace austerity and discomfort and cheerful travellers replacing the hundreds of impersonal brown uniforms. 

Hammond, L. (1999) Examining the Discourse of Repatriation Towards a More Proactive Theory of Return Migration. Pp. 227-44 in R. Black and K. Koser (eds.). The End of the Refugee Cycle Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction. Oxford Berghahn Books. 

Some of you may wonder how it was possible to bring a manuscript of 750 pages from Stalin s Soviet Russia to Austria. It s a remarkable story. When Lorenz learned that he was about to be repatriated, he announced that he had this manuscript and that he wanted to take it back. He was immediately transferred to another camp, prompting him to think that he had spoiled his chances for a return. But to his surprise he was given a typewriter and ordered to copy the manuscript word for word. This done he was sent to report in Moscow, accompanied by a guardian of course. There, a high ranking officer adressed... 

After World War I, a dramatic rise in hashish usage occurred in Greece prompted by the return of Greek soldiers and the repatriation of about half a million Greek citizens from Asia Minor. These soldiers and citizens had been living in areas where hashish was accepted and cultivation was a normal part of life. When these people returned to the Greek mainland, they brought their acquired habits and familiarity with hashish with them. 

Long, K. (2013a) The Point of No Return Refugees, Rights and Repatriation. Oxford Oxford University Press. 

Indeed, while Gruber notes that repatriation cannot presuppose a return to the status quo ante and that negotiation of what may be profoundly altered ways of life and familial and communal structures should be recognised as intrinsic to any repatriation initiative (1999 9), certain elements of the status quo ante may indeed remain or be strengthened in the country of origin. These include patriarchal, xenophobic, and homophobic structures and attitudes which may have... 

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