Scale relevance list

Certainly since Varit Riefs literature survey [560] it has been clear, that the process parameter stirrer power must be formulated as P/V and the gas throughput as v = q/S, to be able to guarantee a reliable scale-up. The following relevance list is therefore the starting point ... 

In the research studies in the 196O s and 197O s the average particle size dp was taken to be the characteristic dimension of length of the solid particle in the relevance list and the geometrical number dp/d was thus formed. It was evident, however, that the pi spaces, which is addition to gAp only took this particle number into consideration, differentiated too strongly and led to contradictory scale-up rules. A cause for this circumstance could, however, not be identified (see Section 5.3.2.5). 

It is necessary to use a combination of microscopy techniques to cover the relevant length scales of a heterogeneous structured product. A number of microscopy techniques are listed in Table 5.2. Even if the focus is on the micro- and nanoscales, it is wise to start a structure characterization on... 

The principle of similarity [Holland (1964), Johnstone and Thring (1957)] together with the use of dimensionless groups is the essential basis of scale-up. The types of similarity relevant to liquid mixing systems together with their definitions are listed as follows. 

A number of behavioral ratings scales and psychometric and performance tests, listed in Tables 20.16 to 20.18, are briefly summarized below, since many of these scales and tests may be used to evaluate safety as well as efficacy. The following comments on the tests provide only a few highlights readers who are interested in more details are advised to obtain additional information before choosing the tests that appear most relevant to be included in their particular protocol. 

A number of models for wafer-scale nonuniformity have been published. While of significance for understanding the CMP process, they have limited relevance for this present chapter as, for the most part, pad effects are neglected. The reader is referred to the primary references listed here by focus area ... 

It is obvious that this conclusion is wrong Dimensional analysis is a method based on logical and mathematical fundamentals (2,6). If relevant parameters cannot be listed because they are unknown, one cannot blame the method. The only solution is to perform the model measurements with the same material system and to change the model scales. 

A change in size on scale-up is not the sole determinant of the seal-ability of a unit operation or process. Scalability depends on the unit operation mechanism(s) or system properties involved. Some mechanisms or system properties relevant to dispersions are listed in Table 2 (59). In a number of instances, size has little or no influence on processing or on system behavior. Thus, scale-up will not affect chemical kinetics or thermodynamics although the thermal effects of a reaction could perturb a system, e.g., by affecting convection (59). Heat or mass transfer within or between phases is indirectly affected by changes in size while convection is directly... 

A confusing feature of the results of the preparative scale experiments summarised in Table 2 is the variety of reference electrodes against which reduction potentials have been controlled. For in situ electrolysis it is neccessary to be able to relate the potential at which the EGB is generated to those of other components of the reaction and product mixture. In this context literature values of reduction potentials of relevant aromatic azocompounds are listed in Table 3. 

A change in size on scale-up is not the sole detenninant of the scalability of a unit operation or process. Scalability depends on the unit operation mecha-nism(s) or system properties involved. Some mechanisms or system properties relevant to dispersions are listed in Table 2 [57]. In a number of instances, size has... 

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