Relative total growth

Relative total growth (RTG) is a cytotoxicity parameter which considers growth in suspension during the expression time and the cloning efficiency of the end of the expression time as follows ... 

With and without metabolic activation (S9). Without S9, a positive response was seen only at 325 pg/ml (2.4-fold increase in mutation frequency), which also produced cytotoxicity (relative total growth, 33.5% of control). With S9, positive responses were observed at 1.625, 3.25 and 6.5 pg/ml (2.2-, 2.5- and 2.7-foid increases in mutation frequency, respectively), which also produced cytotoxicity (relative total growth, 53%, 38% and 19% of control, respectively). The Committee noted that other iron(ll) or iron(lll) salts also showed positive results at the higher (mostly cytotoxic) concentrations tested, whereas disodium EDTA, the non-iron-oontaining control substance for sodium iron EDTA, tested negative. 

Figure 3.41. Relationship between total dissolved aluminum and relative root growth (from Pavan et al., 1982, with permission).

Thus in spite of a much stronger average annual total growth (8%) over the commodity plastics (3%), the relative importance in volume will Increase very slowly. 

To better illustrate the relatively advanced growth stage of the North American polyethylene market compared to the total of the other four global regions, a comparison of the annual per capita consumption of polyethylene for 2006 in North America vs the remainder of the globe is shown in Table 1.8. 

No less importantly, it has the highest relative population growth, with the total fertility rate (5.8 in 1995) nearly twice Asia s steadily declining mean (3.0 in 1995). 

An expression for the number of particles formed during Stage I was developed, assuming micellar entry as the formation mechanism (13), where k is a constant varying from 0.37 to 0.53 depending on the relative rates of radical adsorption in micelles and polymer particles, r is the rate of radical generation, m is the rate of particle growth, is the surface area covered by one surfactant molecule, and S is the total concentration of soap molecules. 

The relative production volumes of pyridine compounds can be ranked in the following order pyridine (1) > P-picoline (3) > a-picoline (2)> niacin (27) or niacinamide (26)> 2-vinylpyridine (23)> piperidine (18). U.S. and Japanese production was consumed internally as well as being exported, mainly to Europe. European production is mosdy consumed internally. Growth in production of total pyridine bases is expected to be small through the year 2000. 

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