Relative energy density

A molar activation energy EA of diffusion is defined as the product EA = wl eRTc, with the critical temperature, Tc, of the system. This definition takes into account the connection between the interaction terms of the model, w, and w/e and IS units, as shown in section 6.3.4. At the critical temperature, Tc, a pure translational amount, w,-w, e, of the relative energy density is responsible for the magnitude of Dc. 

Fig. 9.15. Real width of bars bsi as function of etching time te and the relative energy density Ds- The nominal width of the bars was bss = 100 im...

Figure 9.24 shows the depth of etching as a function of the relative energy density Ds and the nominal width of trenches bgs after an etching time of 60 min. The achieved etching depth corresponds to the depth to which the glass partially crystallised (Fig. 9.22). An increasing etching time will lead to the complete removal of the crystallised material. The best way to control...

Fig. 9.24. Depth h of etching as function of the relative energy density Ds and the nominal width bgs of trenches (time of etching 60 min)...

Fig. 9.45. Depth of incorrect part of structure h( as function of the distance between crossing perforations 6s, the transmission ratio TA and the relative energy density Ds [190]...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. The Tt-excessive character of the pyrrole ring makes the indole ring susceptible to electrophilic attack. The reactivity is greater at the 3-position than at the 2-position. This reactivity pattern is suggested both by electron density distributions calculated by molecular orbital methods and by the relative energies of the intermediates for electrophilic substitution, as represented by the protonated stmctures (7a) and (7b). Stmcture (7b) is more favorable than (7a) because it retains the ben2enoid character of the carbocycHc ring (12). 

Performance. Alkaline manganese-dioxide batteries have relatively high energy density, as can be seen from Table 2. This results in part from the use of highly pure materials, formed into electrodes of near optimum density. Moreover, the cells are able to function well with a rather small amount of electrolyte. The result is a cell having relatively high capacity at a fairly reasonable cost. 

Because of lithium s low density and high standard potential difference (good oxidation reduction characteristics), cells using lithium at the anode have a very high energy density relative to lead, nickel and even zinc. Its high cost limits use to the more sophisticated and expensive electronic equipment. 

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