Regulation in bioenergetics

Fatty acids facilitate the net transfer of protons from intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix, hence lowering the proton electrochemical potential gradient and mediating weak uncoupling. Uncoupling proteins generally facilitate the dissipation of the transmembrane electrochemical potentials of H+or Na+produced by the respiratory chain, and result in an increase in the H+and Na+permeability of the coupling membranes. They provide adaptive 

In transportation, leaks can be found in the proton-sugar symport in bacteria where a protein mediates the transport of protons and sugar across the membrane, and adding a protonophore, a parallel pathway occurs, causing a leak in the transport. 

3 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Model of a Calcium Pump with Slips 

Ca2+-ATPases exist in the plasma membranes of most cells and in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of myocytes, where they pump Ca2+out of the cytosol and into the lumen, respectively, while simultaneously counterporting H+ions. Ca2+-ATPase requires Mg2+on the side from which Ca2+is pumped. It is generally established that the Ca2+/ATP stoichiometries for the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum are 1 and 2, respectively. Using a nonequilibrium thermodynamics model, the extent of slippage in the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase can be estimated from steady-state H+flow measurements. 

Molecular slips are intrinsic to the ATPase, while membrane leaks are intrinsic to the membrane proper thus, slips should be distinguished from leaks. Slips and leaks occur in parallel. Molecular slips in the ATPase may be dependent on the thermodynamic force producing the backpressure, in the absence of the other force. The rate of leakage of the coupling ions depends on the magnitude of the particular thermodynamic force operating within the system in the absence of the other force. 

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Zhou Q, Lam PY, Han D, Cadenas E (2007) c-Jun N-temiinal kinase regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics by modulating pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in primary cortical neurons. J Neurochem 104(2) 325-335... 

The study of bioenergetics deals with energy formation and utilization in living systems. In most living cells energy is found in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Many biochemists believe that the cell is regulated, at least in... 

Arsan, O.M., Solomatina, V.D. and Romanenko, V.D. (1984). The role of environmental phosphorus in regulating bioenergetic processes of fish (In Russian). Gydrobiologicheskii Zhumal 20,53-57. 

Neher E, Sakaba T (2001) Combining deconvolution and noise analysis for the estimation of transmitter release rates at the calyx of held. J Neurosci 21 444-61 Nelson ED, Kavalali ET, MonteggiaLM (2006) MeCP2-dependent transcriptional repression regulates excitatory neurotransmission. CurrBiol 16 710-16 Nicholls DG (2003) Bioenergetics and transmitter release in the isolated nerve terminal. Neu-rochem Res 28 1433 11... 

Giardi MT, Cona A, Geiken B. Photosystem II core phosphorylation heterogeneity and the regulation of electron transfer in higher plants A review. Biolectrochem Bioenergetics 1995 38 67-75. 

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