Refraction table

Effect of Ionization on the Refractive Index and Molar Refraction of Amino Acids and Proteins. Since the electrostriction produced by an amino acid does not affect its molar refraction, the ionization of an amino acid might be expected to produce no significant change in molar refraction. Table V indicates that this is the case, provided the large change in the volume of the amino acid as a result of ionization, found by Kauzmann, Bodanszky, and Rasper (23), is used in calculating molar refraction. The refractive index of an equivalent concentration of hy-... 

The average dipole moment is estimated by means of the Lorentz-Lorenz molar refraction (Table 10.4)... 

Misuse alert Do not call an authoritative or book value of a physical quantity a theoretical value, as in We compared our experimentally determined value of index of refraction with the theoretical value and found they differed by 0.07. The value obtained from index of refraction tables comes not from theory, but from experiment, and therefore should not be called... 

Organic compounds— For a large number of organic compounds it is found that the bond refraction is an additive quantity. As an example of this relationship between the number and type of bonds and the molecular refraction, Table LXXI gives the differences in the values of the molecular... 

The molecular refraction is an additive function of atomic refractions. Fluorine has the lowest atomic refraction (Table 13.1) of the atoms used to build compounds or polymers for coating fiber surfaces. Consequently, the refractive index and polarizability of fluorocarbons are lower than those of the corresponding hydrocarbons and chlorocarbons. Because dispersion forces constitute the major part of their cohesive forces, their surface energy is low. However, a low-surface energy is not the sole criterion for an effective soil retardant. The dispersion forces are effective only over short distances. A finish deformable by soil particles provides a larger area in close contact with soil than a finish that does not flow on impact. Hence, hardness of finish is also important. Soiling can also be affected by a liquid film on fibers, such as oil or fat, which can fill the voids between the surfaces of soil and fiber and act as an adhesive. 

The Hamaker constant can be evaluated accurately using tire continuum tlieory, developed by Lifshitz and coworkers [40]. A key property in tliis tlieory is tire frequency dependence of tire dielectric pennittivity, (cij). If tills spectmm were tlie same for particles and solvent, then A = 0. Since tlie refractive index n is also related to f (to), tlie van der Waals forces tend to be very weak when tlie particles and solvent have similar refractive indices. A few examples of values for A for interactions across vacuum and across water, obtained using tlie continuum tlieory, are given in table C2.6.3. 

Because of the chemical inertness of the paraffin hydrocarbons and of the closely related cycZoparaffins, no satisfactory crystalline derivatives can be prepared. Reliance is therefore placed upon the physical properties (boding point, density, and refractive index) of the redistilled samples. These are collected together in Table III,6. 

Chakactkrisation of Unsaturatkd Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Unlike the saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and exhibit characteristic reactions with dUute potassium permanganate solution and with bromine. Nevertheless, no satisfactory derivatives have yet been developed for these hydrocarbons, and their characterisation must therefore be based upon a determination of their physical properties (boiling point, density and refractive index). The physical properties of a number of selected unsaturated hydrocarbons are collected in Table 111,11. 

In Table 111,106 the boiling points, densities and refractive indices of a number of selected esters are collected. 

Location of the compound within a class (or homologous series) of compounds. Reference to the literature or to tables of the physical properties of the class (or classes) of organic compounds to which the substance has been assigned, will generally locate a number of compounds which boil or melt within 6° of the value observed for the unknown. If other physical properties e.g., refractive index and density for a hquid) are available, these will assist in deciding whether the unknown is identical with one of the known compounds. In general, however, it is more convenient in practice to prepare one, but preferably two, crystalhne derivatives of the substance. 

The values for the D sodium line of the atomic and structural constants and of the bond refractions, as determined by the author, are collected in Tables XI,2A and XI,2B respectively. 

Refraction index and density were measured for thiazole and some monoalkylthiazoles (Table 1-48) (198,199,215) ... 

The molar refraction deduced for alkyl derivatives, compared to the value obtained by addition, to the experimental molar refraction of thiazole, of the classical (CH2) increment of Eisenlohr Rch 4.618 cm ), show specific exaltations which are typical for each position of the thiazole ring (Table 1-49). 

TABLE 1-49. SPECIHC EXALTATION OF MOLAR REFRACTION (IN PERCENTAGE OF THE CALCUL-LATED VALUE) (198, 199, 2l5)... 

Table 5.19 Refractive Index, Viscosity, Dielectric Constant, and Surface Tension...

From the atomic and group refractions in Table 5.19, the molar refraction is computed as follows ... 

Table 11.12 Solvents Having the Same Refractive Index and the Same Density at 25°C...

In the second broad class of spectroscopy, the electromagnetic radiation undergoes a change in amplitude, phase angle, polarization, or direction of propagation as a result of its refraction, reflection, scattering, diffraction, or dispersion by the sample. Several representative spectroscopic techniques are listed in Table 10.2. 

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