References—continued publisher names

Instead of a theory to elucidate the important unsolved problems of chemistry, theoretical chemistry has become synonymous with what is also known as Quantum Chemistry. This discipline has patently failed to have any impact on the progress of mainstream chemistry. A new edition of the world s leading Physical Chemistry textbook [4] was published in the year that the Nobel prize was awarded to two quantum chemists, without mentioning either the subject of their work, nor the names of the laureates. Nevertheless, the teaching of chemistry, especially at the introductory level, continues in terms of handwaiving by reference to the same quantum chemistry, that never penetrates the surface of advanced quantum theory. 

This article is essentially an update of the article of the same name published in the first volume of this Encyclopedia. The present article includes a survey of the literature from the years 1992 to 2002 inclusive, but a number of references from the prior literature are included for continuity and completion. For ease of cross-reference, the format of the first article has also been retained as far as possible, with additions and deletions to reflect the advances in the chemistry of vanadium that have occurred since the period surveyed by the first article. 

Cell line A cell line arises from a primary culture at the time of the first successful subculture. The term cell line implies that cultures from it consist of lineages of cells originally present in the primary culture. The terms finite or continuous are used as prefixes if the status of the culture is known. If not, the term line will suffice. The term continuous line replaces the term established line. In any published description of a culture, one must make every attempt to pubhsh the characterization or history of the culture. If such has already been published, a reference to the original publication must be made. In obtaining a culture from another laboratory, the proper designation of the culture, as originally named and described, must be maintained and any deviations in cultivation from the original must be reported in any pubhcation. 

There is universal agreement that the paper entitled Flow Injection Analysis. Part 1. A New Concept of Continuous Flow Analysis [1], which appeared in Analytica Chimica Acta in the spring of 1975, is the very first publication in which the name of the method was introduced, and for this reason alone this reference rightfully appears as the first one in the List of References. Any reader interested in the history of FIA will find, however, by further scrutiny of this paper that, besides coining the new, name, it also contains the concepts and experiments outlining the principle and the scope of this new method, and that its immediate sequels, published with our co-workers and associates from Brazil, Denmark, England, India, and Sweden [1-20], mapped the novel area and plotted the course of future research. 

Today, in most scientific studies, the plasticizer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate is more often referred to as DEHP. This is because as scientists started to study the health aspects of the plasticizer called DOP in the 1970s, they would often incorrectly assume that as DOP was the name applied to the chemical di-octyl phthalate, then the DOP acronym must therefore refer to di-n-octyl phthalate, instead of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. So the acronym DEHP was introduced to minimize the confusion they created. Unfortunately the confusion about the use of the acronym DOP continues. It is still common to find a few published plasticizer studies where investigators obtain a sample of DOP from a plasticizer manufacturer, and then without reading the product MSDS, they refer to the product in the reporting of their study as di-octyl phthalate. Thus the readers of their papers are often not certain as to what product they are researching since the commercial use of di-n-octyl phthalate is rare. 

Acknowledgements. My sincere thanks go to the following people the many collaborators, co-authors and friends, whose names appear in the references below, and in particular Prof. Peter Edwards, for continued support and encouragement The Royal Society and EPSRC for financial support Jenny, Mike and Catherine for help with the figures the editors and publishers, and many others, especially Fiona and Matthew, for their forbear-... 

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