Redux

It must be emphasized that in a digital mix in ACID, clipping occurs at 0 dB and must be avoided. Bringing the levels up to 0 dB should be done only at the very last step and only if you feel it is really necessary. There is no shame in allowing your listeners to adjust the volume of their stereo to the levels they prefer  

Clipping can be visually identified in the waveform of events on the timeline. In this case, clipping is an inherent part of the media file. 

The anns race in loudness has resulted in CDs getting louder and louder at the cost of dynamics. Resist the luge to engage in this one-upsmanship and mix wisely, my son. Eiynamic range is exciting loudness is not. 

Envelopes should be thought of as automated fader controls on any track and, therefore, automated mixing controls. Envelopes can be very effectively used to control brief spikes in an event that cause clipping or can be used to temporarily increase the volume of a track for emphasis. While more time consuming than allowing the volume to be controlled exclusively by the volume fader on a track and remain flat throughout a project, envelopes are extremely powerful and very worthwhile when used correctly. 

To use envelopes to eliminate clipping and allow you to turn up the volume of the track overall, you must first identify the places where the clipping occurs. To do this  

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Manufacture. Phosphoms pentachloride is manufactured by either batch or continuous processing. In the former, the phosphoms trichloride usually dissolves in carbon tetrachloride before being treated with chlorine. A mixture of ca one part of phosphoms trichloride to one part of carbon tetrachloride is introduced to a water-jacketed vessel that contains an efficient stirrer and a tight cover with a redux condenser. The chlorine is passed into the vessel below the Hquid level, and crystals of phosphoms pentachloride form in the Hquid. When the reaction is completed, the suspension of crystals of phosphoms pentachloride in the carbon tetrachloride is drawn out of the vessel and the crystals are filtered and then dried by circulating hot water through the jacket of the filter. The clarified carbon tetrachloride is returned to the reaction vessel. 

Extensive design and optimization studies have been carried out for this sequence (108). The principal optimization variables, ie, the design variables that have the largest impact on the economics of the process, are the redux ratio in the azeo-column the position of the tie-line for the mixture in the decanter, determined by the temperature and overall composition of the mixture in the decanter the position of the decanter composition on the decanter tie-line (see Reference 104 for a discussion of the importance of these variables) and the distillate composition from the entrainer recovery column. 

Redux Ra.te, The optimum reflux rate for a distillation column depends on the value of energy, but is generally between 1.05 times and 1.25 times the reflux rate, which could be used with infinite trays. At this level, excess reflux is a secondary contributor to column inefficiency. However, when designing to this tolerance, correct vapor—Hquid equiUbrium data and adequate controls are essential. 

The main application of poly (vinyl formal) is as a wire enamel in conjunction with a phenolic resin. For this purpose, polymers with low hydroxyl (5-6%) and acetate (9.5-13%) content are used. Similar grades are used in structural adhesive (e.g. Redux) which are also used in conjunction with phenolic resin. Poly(vinyl formal) finds some use as a can coating and with wash primers. Injection mouldings have no commercial significance since they have no features justifying their use at current commercial prices. 

PVF-P adhesives have been used at de Havilland in Hatfield, England since 1936 for the manufacture of air screws [199]. Aero Research Ltd. of Duxford, England, which became CIBA (A.R.L.), originally developed them ([200], pp. 76-83). Currently, the Redux business and trademark belongs to the Hexcel Composites Ltd. and is applied to the original polyvinyl-phenolic alloys as well as epoxies and bismaleimide adhesives that give structural performance at even higher temperatures [201]. 

One of the first applications of the Redux process was in construction of structural aluminum parts for the de Havilland bomber Sea Hornet produced during World War II ([198], pp. 80-81 [202,203]). In the original fonn, it consisted of a two-part adhesive including a low viscosity liquid phenolic known... 

Redux was soon extended to other aircraft including the DeHavilland civilian airliner Dove and the jetliner Comet [202]. In the Fokkcr F27/F50 Friendship , it accounted for about 70% of stmctural bonds (about 550 parts). Over 1000 F27/F50 aircraft were constructed and were in service for over 30 years, indicating high fatigue resistance and durability ([198], pp. 80-81). When attempts were used to substitute low-temperature curing epoxies for PVF, joint corrosion due to salt spray exposure required expensive repairs. 

Bishopp, J.A., A brief history of the redux bonding process, structural adhesives in engineering V, 5th Int. Structural Adhesives in Engineering Conference (SAE-V). Bristol, UK, 1998. 

De Bruyne himself was undoubtedly no small factor in the spread of adhesive bonding through the European aerospace community. In addition to co-inventing the Redux family of adhesives, he was involved in the conceptual development of the Mosquito and numerous other aircraft and sponsored (and taught) a series of educational sessions on the benefits of structural bonding during the post-war years. 

Noell et al. reported the preparation of silica-poly(ether ether ketone) hybrid materials with improved physical properties.155 An amine-end-capped poly(ether ether ketone) was used to react with isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The triethylsilane-end-capped poly (ether ether ketone) was mixed with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in THF. Quantitative amounts of water were introduced into die system, and the mixture was reduxed at 80°C. The entire reaction mixture was allowed to further react in Tedon molds. Tough transparent materials were obtained by diis approach. 

PET waste was glycolyzed at different weight ratios of PET to propylene glycol in die presence of 0.5% (w/w) zinc acetate, based on the weight of PET, as the catalyst. The reaction was carried out at about 200°C under redux in a nitrogen atmosphere for 4 h in a four-necked round-bottom dask fitted widi a redux condenser, gas bubbler, thermometer, and stirrer. 

After many health problems and deaths, the FDA removed Pondimin and Redux from market. Since then, there have been 200 reported cases of primary pulmonary hypertension relating to fen-phen and dexfen-phen. Of those cases, 40 have resulted in death. The FDA has received more than 100 reports of heart valve damage directly related to fen-phen or fenfluramine therapy there are no reports from individuals taking phentermine alone for weight loss. 

Dexfenflur amine hydrochloride Redux Wyeth-Ayerst Appetite suppressant 4/29/1996 9/15/1997 1.42 years Valvular heart disease 255.3 million... 

On September 15,1997, FDA asked the manufacturers of dexfenfluramine (Redux manufactured for Intemeuron Pharmaceuticals by Wyeth-Ayerst) and fenfluramine (Pondimin Wyeth-Ayerst) to voluntarily withdraw both treatments from the market because of findings that indicate approximately 30% of patients taking the combined drugs had abnormal echocardiograms, even if they had no symptoms. Both companies agreed. FDA is not requesting the withdrawal of phentermine, the third widely used medication for obesity. 

Redux(tm) and Pondimin(tm) were voluntarily withdrawn in September 1997 because 30% of the patients taking these two dmgs had abnormal echocardiograms, 2004. See... 

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