Reductive dimerization, of carbonyl

Two classes of charged radicals derived from ketones have been well studied. Ketyls are radical anions formed by one-electron reduction of carbonyl compounds. The formation of the benzophenone radical anion by reduction with sodium metal is an example. This radical anion is deep blue in color and is veiy reactive toward both oxygen and protons. Many detailed studies on the structure and spectral properties of this and related radical anions have been carried out. A common chemical reaction of the ketyl radicals is coupling to form a diamagnetic dianion. This occurs reversibly for simple aromatic ketyls. The dimerization is promoted by protonation of one or both of the ketyls because the electrostatic repulsion is then removed. The coupling process leads to reductive dimerization of carbonyl compounds, a reaction that will be discussed in detail in Section 5.5.3 of Part B. 

Metal-induced reductive dimerization of carbonyl compounds is a useful synthetic method for the formation of vicinally functionalized carbon-carbon bonds. For stoichiometric reductive dimerizations, low-valent metals such as aluminum amalgam, titanium, vanadium, zinc, and samarium have been employed. Alternatively, ternary systems consisting of catalytic amounts of a metal salt or metal complex, a chlorosilane, and a stoichiometric co-reductant provide a catalytic method for the formation of pinacols based on reversible redox couples.2 The homocoupling of aldehydes is effected by vanadium or titanium catalysts in the presence of Me3SiCl and Zn or A1 to give the 1,2-diol derivatives high selectivity for the /-isomer is observed in the case of secondary aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes. 

Scheme 140 Tungsten-catalyzed reductive dimerization of carbonyl compounds to alkenes.

The McMurry reaction (the reductive dimerization of carbonyl compounds giving olefins after treatment with the low-valent titanium reagents TiCla/Mg and TiCla/Zn in THF at 40°C) (CR891513) is a key step in the synthesis of photochromic cyclopentene derivatives. Later, it has been shown that TiCU, which is easier to handle than TiCls, can be used. The cyclization products are formed in 50-60% yields (98S1092,03EJO155). The advantages of this method are that the reactions can be scaled and inexpensive starting materials can be used. 

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