Microbiological reduction

Phenol can be oxidi2ed and hence removed, ie, to levels <20 / g/L, from wastewater (248). Moreover, addition of potassium permanganate to the return activated sludge results in reduction of odors issued from the aeration tanks of conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants without any change occurring to the microbiology of the system (249). 

Consonant with the present interest in chiral synthesis, two additional contributions can be cited. Sih al utilized a combined microbiological and organic chemical sequence in which key chirality establishing steps include the conversion of to chiral, but unstable, 18 by enzymic reduction using the fungus Diplodascus uninucleatus. Lower side-chain synthon was prepared by reduction of achiral with Pencillium decumbens. 

All disinfection and sterilization processes for equipment should be validated, for preference using a microbiological challenge with an organism of appropriate resistance to the disinfectant, sterilant or sterilizing conditions. Once the required log reduction of the challenge organism has been achieved, physical and/or chemical parameters can be set which form the critical control points for the process. 

Goldberg, K., Schroer, K., Luetz, S. and Liese, A. (2007) Biocatalytic ketone reduction - a powerful tool for the production of chiral alcohols -part I processes with isolated enzymes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 76, 237-248. 

Ernst, M., Kaup, B., Mueller, M. et al. (2005) Enantioselective reduction of carbonyl compounds by whole-cell biotransformation, combining a formate dehydrogenase and a (R)-specihc alcohol dehydrogenase. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 66 (6), 629-634. 

In a preliminary study [70], intrapocket administration of rifaximin in patients with periodontal disease was studied from both microbiological and clinical points of view. The activity of this antibiotic against the microorganisms isolated from periodontal pockets is shown in table 3. The high local concentration of rifaximin should likely exceed the observed MIC values. Indeed, its topical application was followed by a quick disappearance of anaerobic bacteria and a marked reduction of aerobic microorganisms. This was accompanied by a significant clinical improvement. 

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