Reducing the Energy Content

In cases where the aromatic C—C bonds were attacked and various water-soluble substances capable of extraction from oil were formed, a reduction in the total heating value of the fuel was consequently observed [137], Hence, such reaction was categorized as an industrially unacceptable reaction, since that pathway not only destroyed the carbon skeleton reducing the energy content of fuel but also converted DBT to 3-hydroxy-2-formylbenzothiophene without actually desulfurizing it to HBP. 

Table 17.1 The effects of reducing the energy content of the diet on the food and energy intakes of chicks and on their growth...

In the first years of gasohol use some starting and driveabiUty problems were reported (19). Not all vehicles experienced these problems, however, and better fuel economy was often indicated even though the energy content of the fuel was reduced. Gasohol was exempted from the federal excise tax amounting to a 0.16/L ( 0.60/gal) subsidy. Without this subsidy, ethanol would be too expensive for use even as a fuel additive. 

It is clear from Table 27.1 that the energy content of the car itself - that is of the steel, rubber, glass and of the manufacturing process itself - is small less than one-tenth of that required to move the car. This means that there is little point in trying to save energy here indeed (as we shall see) it may pay to use more energy to make the car (using, for instance, aluminium instead of steel) if this reduces the fuel consumption. 

Accordingly, serious commercially oriented attempts are currently being made to develop special gas-phase micro and mini reactors for reformer technology [91, 247-259], This is a complex task since the reaction step itself, hydrogen formation, covers several individual processes. Additionally, heat exchangers are required to optimize the energy balance and the use of liquid reactants demands micro evaporators [254, 260, 261], Moreover, further systems are required to reduce the CO content to a level that is no longer poisonous for a fuel cell. Overall, three to six micro-reactor components are typically needed to construct a complete, ready-to-use micro-reformer system. 

In recent years obesity has become a major problem. Consequently, the aim of some food manufacturers has shifted to producing products with a lower energy content. The energy content of a food can be reduced by using non-metabolised ingredients, reducing the density, or... 

Table V shows the composition of the liquid meals for this study. As in the previous study, two levels each of cottage cheese and beef were fed to the subjects. In addition, 45 g of protein from soy isolate was also fed. The phytic acid content of this meal was 126 mg. A basal diet containing all nutrients except protein was also included in this study. It was necessary to reduce the fat content of the basal diet for palatability the total energy for this meal only was 250 kcal. In this study, the calcium and phosphorus levels of each meal were equalized across all levels and sources of protein. Levels of other meal components were maintained as constant as possible and are shown at the bottom of Table V.

By replacing the wavefunction with a density matrix, the electronic structure problem is reduced in size to that for a two- or three-electron system. Rather than solve the Schrodinger equation to determine the wavefunction, the lower bound method is invoked to determine the density matrix this requires adjusting parameters so that the energy content of the density matrix is minimized. More precisely, the lower bound method requires finding a solution to the energy problem,... 

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