Reactions with electron-deficient olefins

With the advent of the new catalysts systems that will undergo efficient reactions with electron-deficient olefins, the tandem process can be extended to the synthesis of a variety of polycyclic lactones (Eq. 6.27) [47]. 

Acetoxymethyl-3-allyltrimethylsilane is a bifunctional or conjunctive reagent that provides an efficient and versatile means of synthesizing methylenecyclopentanes via [3 + 2] cy-cloaddition18 In the presence of catalytic amounts of an appropriate palladium(O) complex, the combination of the allyl acetate and allylsilane functionalities results in the formation of a metal-stabilized trimethylenemethane unit (TMM-Pd). This is able to undergo Smooth [3 + 2] cyeloaddition reactions with electron-deficient olefins. 

Shortly afterwards it was reported that dimethylaminofulvenes 178 adopt the [6+2] cycloaddition modus as a general pathway in reactions with electron deficient olefins for example, the reactions with maleic anhydride 179 and maleimide 180 gave dihydropentalene derivatives 181 in good yields (Scheme 6.45) [102]. 

The cycloaddition can be facilitated exchanging one of the carbon monoxide ligands by a phosphite ligand. For this purpose, the ri -2-methoxyallyl-Fp complex is irradiated together with a cyclic phosphite. The obtained CpFe(CO)[P(OCH2)3CCH3] (ri -2-methoxyallyl) complex can be introduced to [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with electron-deficient olefins with concomitant elimination of an alcohol. In some cases, a mixture of double bond isomers is obtained. The resulting alkenyliron complexes can be demetalated with dry HCl gas. ... 

Chemoselectivity needs to be considered in reactions with electron-deficient olefins because nitro compounds, on treatment with bases, are known to give conjugate addition therefore, condensations are expected to compete with this reaction. Examples of both reactions occurring even in the absence of a base are also known [72]. 

The major difference in reactivity between CF3OF and FCIO3 lies in the capacity of the former to react with olefins without the benefit of an electron releasing group and even with electron deficient olefins such as a,y5-un-saturated ketones. Reactions with nonactivated double bonds indicate the presence of an oc-fluoro cationic intermediate [e.g., (64)] as exemplified by the reaction with the -3-ketone (63), which yields the fluorophenol (65). 

Asymmetric versions of the cyclopropanation reaction of electron-deficient olefins using chirally modified Fischer carbene complexes, prepared by exchange of CO ligands with chiral bisphosphites [21a] or phosphines [21b], have been tested. However, the asymmetric inductions are rather modest [21a] or not quantified (only the observation that the cyclopropane is optically active is reported) [21b]. Much better facial selectivities are reached in the cyclopropanation of enantiopure alkenyl oxazolines with aryl- or alkyl-substituted alkoxy-carbene complexes of chromium [22] (Scheme 5). 

Radical-based carbonylation procedures can be advantageously mediated by (TMSlsSiH. Examples of three-component coupling reactions are given in Reactions (74) and (75). The cascade proceeds by the addition of an alkyl or vinyl radical onto carbon monoxide with formation of an acyl radical intermediate, which can further react with electron-deficient olefins to lead to the polyfunctionalized compounds. ... 

In some cases, no cycloalkylation is observed by the reaction of nitromethane with electron-deficient olefins with cyano and methoxycarbonyl groups. The reaction affords new, highly functionalized cyclohexenes in the presence of catalytic amount of piperidine under solvent-free conditions with focused microwave irradiation (Eq. 7.41).42... 

The Lewis acid catalyst 53 is now referred to as the Narasaka catalyst. This catalyst can be generated in situ from the reaction of dichlorodiisopropoxy-titanium and a diol chiral ligand derived from tartaric acid. This compound can also catalyze [2+2] cycloaddition reactions with high enantioselectivity. For example, as depicted in Scheme 5-20, in the reaction of alkenes bearing al-kylthio groups (ketene dithioacetals, alkenyl sulfides, and alkynyl sulfides) with electron-deficient olefins, the corresponding cyclobutane or methylenecyclobu-tene derivatives can be obtained in high enantiomeric excess.18... 

The structure of the a-methylenecyclopropanone ketal 185 is reminiscent of the addition mode of the corresponding TMM to C=0 [196]. The ester 186 is probably the product of silica-gel-catalyzed hydrolysis of the ketene acetal 187 (Figure 4.8), which is the expected product in the reaction ofTMM with electron-deficient olefins [197]. At higher temperatures 185 isomerizes into 187 [195], NMR spectroscopic investigations of these adducts reveal that the cycloadditions occur at the [6,6] double bonds. Analogous products to 185-187 have been observed for the reaction of the... 

Photocycloaddition with electron-deficient olefins, where it is proposed that the reaction pathway involves attack by the electron in the it orbital, can be stereospecific.32-63 The irradiation of acetone 42 with cis- 43 or /ranj-dicyanoethylene 44 leads to the stereoisomeric oxetanes. 

Numerous reactions of the betaines 86 with olefinic 1,3-dipolarophiles have been reported. lV-Methylpyridinium-3-olate (111) with electron-deficient olefins gives the adducts 112. - Alkynes give similar adducts (110) These adducts (110 and 112) are useful intermediates for tropolone synthesis. Quaternization to methiodides (113, 115) and treatment with base gives dimethylaminotropones (114) which are hydrolyzed to tropolones (116). Good syntheses of stipitatic acid (116 R = COjH, R = OH) and hinokitiol (116 R = H, R = CHMe ) have been achieved by this route (Scheme 5). Similar transformations have been achieved using the N-phenyl betaine 86 (R = Ph, R = H) which is more reactive but whose adducts are difficult to quaternize. A difference is observed when benzyne is... 

Cydopropenone ketals, of which cyclopropenone 1,3-propanediol ketal (1) is a representative and unusually stable example, have proven to be useful equivalents of the 1,3-dipole (1) 1n a regiospeclfic three-carbon + two-carbon cycloaddition with electron-deficient olefins, (eq 1). Table I shows representative results of a study of this reaction.7... 

Table I. Reactions of Cyclopropenone Ketal 1 with Electron-deficient Olefins... 

Intermolecular addition reaction is important. Generally, alkyl radicals derived from O-acyl esters (2) are nucleophilic, so treatment with electron-deficient olefins such as... 

Generally, treatment with electron-deficient olefins such as nitroethylene or vinyl sulfone is effective for radical addition reactions, since alkyl radicals derived from O-acyl esters (2) are nucleophilic and take SOMO-LUMO interaction. However, treatment of O-acyl esters ) derived from perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (RfC02H) generates electrophilic radicals, Rf, which react preferably with electron-rich olefins such as vinyl ether, as shown in eq. 8.16 [52]. 

A number of complex heterocycles have been assembled using dipolar cycloadditions (Fig. 6). The Affymax group [32] published an approach to the synthesis of tetrasubsti-tuted pyrrolidines by the reaction of azomethine ylids with electron-deficient olefins. A similar approach was described by researchers at Monsanto however, the aldehyde component was bound to the resin instead of the amino acid [33]. Kurth and co-workers [34] described a route to 2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans using a nitrile oxide cycloaddition as the key reaction. Mjalli et al. [35] synthesized highly substituted pyrroles using the dipolar cycloaddition of intermediate 5 with mono- or disubstituted acetylenes. 

The formation of trans-products is observed to a lesser extent in the reaction of 3-alkoxycarbonyl-substituted cyclohexenones, in the reaction with electron-deficient alkenes and in the reaction with olefinic reaction partners, such as alkynes and allenes, in which the four-membered ring is highly strained (Scheme 6.11). The ester 26 reacted with cyclopentene upon irradiation in toluene to only two diastereomeric products 27 [36]. The exo-product 27a (cis-anti-cis) prevailed over the endo-product 27b (cis-syn-cis) the formation of trans-products was not observed. The well-known [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition of cyclohexenone (24) to acrylonitrile was recently reinvestigated in connection with a comprehensive study [37]. The product distribution, with the two major products 28a and 28b being isolated in 90% purity, nicely illustrates the preferential formation of HH (head-to-head) cyclobutanes with electron-acceptor substituted olefins. The low simple diastereoselectivity can be interpreted by the fact that the cyano group is relatively small and does not exhibit a significant preference for being positioned in an exo-fashion. 

Taking advantage of the slow hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bonds at room temperature in the presence of platinum dioxide, it was possible to perform the ruthenium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction of electron-deficient olefins such as conjugated enones and acrylic derivatives with allyl silanes in the presence of Pt(>2 under hydrogen (Scheme 46) [99]. Prolonged... 

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