Reaction stoichiometry oxidation-reduction titrations

Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions Oxidation-Reduction Titrations... 

Chemical reactions are frequently carried out in solution, and their description requires modifications to the rules of stoichiometry described in Chapter 2. We illustrate these modified rules by the important analytical techniques of titration in acid-base and oxidation-reduction reactions. 

Titrations are widely used in analytical chemistry to determine acids, bases, oxidants, reductants, metal ions, proteins, and many other species. Titrations are based on a reaction between the analyte and a standard reagent known as the titrant. The reaction is of known and reproducible stoichiometry. The volume, or the mass, of the titrant needed to react essentially completely with the analyte is determined and used to obtain the quantity of analyte. A volume-based titration is shown in this figure, in which the standard solution is added from a buret, and the reaction occurs in the Erlenmeyer flask. In some titrations, known as coulometric titrations, the quantity of charge needed to completely consume the analyte is obtained. In any titration, the point of chemical equivalence, experimentally called the end point, is signaled by an indicator color change or a change in an instrumental response. 

Distinguish between an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte, and provide examples of each. 5.2 Use the solubility guidelines tor common ionic solids to determine whether 5-4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Some General Principles 5-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Titrations... 

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