Reaction chemistry, highly soluble cationic

Water has high permittivity and moderate acidity and basicity. Thus, in water, many cations and anions are easily solvated (hydrated) and many electrolytes are highly soluble and dissociate into ions. Water has fairly wide pH and potential ranges and a convenient liquid temperature range. Of course, water is an excellent solvent. However, as in Table 1.7, the reaction environment can be expanded much wider than in water by use of a solvent of weak acidity and/or basicity. This is the reason why dipolar aprotic solvents, which are either protophilic or protophobic, are used in a variety of ways in modern chemistry. 

The overall effect of the terrestrial weathering reactions has been the addition of the major ions, DSi, and alkalinity to river water and the removal of O2, and CO2 from the atmosphere. Because the major ions are present in high concentrations in crustal rocks and are relatively soluble, they have become the most abimdant solutes in seawater. Mass-wise, the annual flux of solids from river runoff (1.55 x 10 g/y) in the pre-Anthropocene was about three times greater than that of the solutes (0.42 x 10 g/y). The aeolian dust flux (0.045 X 10 g/y) to the ocean is about 30 times less than the river solids input. Although most of the riverine solids are deposited on the continental margin, their input has a significant impact on seawater chemistry because most of these particles are clay minerals that have cations adsorbed to their surfaces. Some of these cations are desorbed... 

Methanesulfonic acid is preferentially used as the electrolyte on both sides to increase the solubility of the metal cations [111]. Zinc-cerium chemistries enable a very high cell voltage. However, the concomitant parasitic reactions such as HER and OER must be avoided or minimized to achieve acceptable cell efliciencies. 

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