Rawlings

Tsai, S.W. and Hahn, H.T. Introduction to Composite Materials, Technomic Westport, CT (1980). Folkes, M.J. Short Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics, Research Studies E ress, Somerset (1982). Mathews, F.L. and Rawlings, R.D. Composite Materials Engineering and Science, Chapman and Hall, London (1993). 

Mathews and Rawlings (1998) successfully applied model-based control using solids hold-up and liquid density measurements to control the filtrability of a photochemical product. Togkalidou etal. (2001) report results of a factorial design approach to investigate relative effects of operating conditions on the filtration resistance of slurry produced in a semi-continuous batch crystallizer using various empirical chemometric methods. This method is proposed as an alternative approach to the development of first principle mathematical models of crystallization for application to non-ideal crystals shapes such as needles found in many pharmaceutical crystals. 

The combination of non-ideal phase behaviour of solutions, the non-linearity of particle formation kinetics, the multi-dimensionality of crystals, their interactions and difficulties of modelling, instrumentation and measurement have conspired to make crystallizer control a formidable engineering challenge. Various aspects of achieving control of crystallizers have been reviewed by Rawlings etal. (1993) and Rohani (2001), respectively. 

Rawlings etal. (1992) analysed the stability of a eontinuous erystallizer based on the linearization of population and solute balanee. Their model did not depend on a lumped approximation of partial differenee equations and sueeess-fully predieted the oeeurrenee of sustained oseillations. They demonstrated that simple proportional feedbaek eontrol using moments of CSD as measurements ean stabilize the proeess. It was eoneluded that the relatively high levels of error in these measurements require robust design for effeetive eontrol. 

Eaton, J.W. and Rawlings, J.B., 1990. Feedback control of chemical processes using on-line optimisation techniques. Computers and chemical engineering, 14, 469. 

Mathews, H.B. and Rawlings, J.B., 1998. Batch crystallization of a photochemical Modelling, control and filtration. American Institution of Chemical Engineers Journal, 44(5), 1119-1127. 

Rawlings, J.B., Miller, S.M. and Witkowski, W.R., 1993. Model identification and control of solution crystallization processes A review. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 32, 1275-1296. 

Rawlings, J.B., Sink, C.W. and Miller, S.M., 2001. Control of crystallization processes. In Handbook of Industrial Crystallization. Ed. A.S. Myerson, 2nd edition. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann. 

M13 N. W. Rawls, Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 16, 7 (1982). 

Barrett A J, Rawlings ND, Woessner JF (2004) Handbook of proteolytic enzymes. Elsevier, London... 

Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ (1993) Evolutionary families of peptidases. Biochem J 290 205-218... 

Rawlings ND, Morton FR, Barrett AJ (2006) MEROPS the peptidase database. Nucleic Acids Res 34 D270-D272... 

Rawlings and Lingafelter [69] studied the hydrated phases of sodium alcohol sulfates ranging from C6 to C20 and their crystal structures by X rays. The a phase is almost identical to that of the alkylsulfonates but all other phases are different. The crystals of all phases are monoclinic. This work was completed by Prins and Prins [70] who gave more precise details of the polymorphism of sodium alcohol sulfates. 

Ravikanth M, Chandrashekar TK (1995) Nonplanar Porphyrins and Their Biological Relevance Ground and Excited State Dynamics. 82 105-188 Rawle SC, see Cooper SR (1990) 72 1-72 Raymond KN, see Baker EC (1976) 25 21-66... 

Considerable work has been done to understand emulsion homopolymerization from a mathematical modeling viewpoint beginning with Smith and Ewart (i) in 1948. Significant contributions to homopolymerization theory have been recently added by the models of workers such as Min and Ray (2.), Rawlings and Ray ( ,), Hansen and Ugelstad (2), Gilbert and Napper (A), and Feeney et al.(8-9). For other work in the field the reader is directed to the review of Penlidis et al. (2.). ... 

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