Rate of cross-fertilization

At present 29 estimates of a, q, and F have been obtained from populations included in Tables I, II, and III. The outcrossing frequencies, a, and inbreeding coefficients, F, are summarized in Figure 4. The distributions suggest that, in spite of theoretical expectations, these populations are far from totally inbred, and the average rate of cross-fertilization... 

Figure 4. Frequency histograms for combined estimates of , the rate of cross-fertilization, and F, the coefficient of inbreeding...

Pu) of thermal absorption cross section a , and Ng atoms of fertile material ( U or Th) of thermal absorption cross section Og. For this model we shall develop expressions for the number of neutrons produced or absorbed at any point in the neutron cycle per unit volume per unit time. Assume that the fissionable material absorbs only thermal neutrons. The rate of... 

The challenges lie before us, as the research and development of smart technology and its adoption by industries depend upon successful multidisciplinary teamwork, where the boundary of traditional disciplines becomes blurred and cross-fertilization occurs at a rate much higher than that seen previously. Some of the research areas can be grouped as follows ... 

In deriving an expression for the conversion ratio, account has to be taken of both thermal and epithermal capture of neutrons by the fertile material. Considering a reactor where the fissile material is and the fertile the rate of thermal neutron capture per unit volume in is simply S28< 5 where S28 is the thermal macroscopic absorption cross section of and (j> the thermal neutron flux. (In the present chapter, we use the standard convention of specifying isotope cross sections by where m is... 

The crosses to C. hirsute result in only a small number of seeds for which the embryos are aborted at an early stage of development. However, the crosses to C. bursa-pastoris did make hybrids, but as these hybrids are sterile, its propagation is not possible. This study was recently extended by examining outcrossing of five Camelina accessions with 10 accessions of C. bursa-pastoris (Martin et al., 2015). Again, this much more robust study demonstrates a low rate of hybridization (1.5 hybrids per 10,000 pollination events) and, as previously demonstrated, that these hybrids have very low pollen fertility (Martin et al.,... 

While fertility rates can vary a great deal, it is common for approximately 50% of pair crosses to produce eggs. Mating rates tend to be significantly higher in groups. 

The Muscovy is also raised commercially in several areas of the world. Muscovies and common ducks mate naturally although the fertility rate is usually very low. These hybrids are typically sterile and referred to as mule (Muscovy male x common female) or hinny (common male x Muscovy female) ducks. These hybrids are often raised commercially for meat production. In many areas of the world the Kaiya duck is popular, being produced from the cross of Pekin and Tsaiya. It was developed in Taiwan where it is a traditional native breed (Lee, 2006). The Pekin is a meat duck while the Tsaiya, a native duck in Taiwan, is used for egg production. 

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