Rapid translation system

Recently, a system for cell-free protein production has became commercially available (the Rapid Translation System, RTS) [157]. In the following sections this system will be described, and advantages as well as limitations will be discussed. 

RTS rapid translation system, a transcription/translation system used for polypeptide production in vitro... 

As with other in vitro translation systems, care should be taken to avoid bacterial contamination of any solutions used. Not only will this compromise reagents (especially mRNAs), but [ S]methionine is rapidly incorporated into bacterial proteins, leading to high apparent background translation. 

To know whether auxin affects nuclear gene transcription prior to the onset of cell division, we extracted RNA at 1,2 and 4 h after the addition of 2,4-D or water to early stationary phase cells in auxin-lacking medium. These RNAs were used in an in vitro reticulocyte translation system. Analysis of the [ S]-methionine-labelled polypeptide spots on 2-dimensional gels showed a rapid increase in at least 3 mRNA species within 1 h after 2,4-D application as compared to the water control [16]. 

In conclusion, hormonal stimulation through the cyclic 3, S -AMP system seems to account for a wide range, in type as well as in time scale, of intracellular effects. For functions which have to be regulated rapidly, the system would provide fast and short-term responses through direct allosteric activation of key enzymes. For delayed and lasting reactions the system would detomine growth of the tissue, or increase of its constituents through activation of protein synthesis at the transcription level Activation of protein synthesis at the translation level could account for intermediate responses, and/or could complement the other effects. 

The more effective deflvery of natural gas is being realized by the use of computerized operation centers that allow rapid responses to the variations ia gas demand. Automated valves, more precise measuting systems, and high speed communication networks make it possible to closely monitor and manage the transmission and deflvery of natural gas. This translates iato improved service and cost effectiveness. 

Figure 12-23 shows simulation of time-of-flighl photocurrenl transients at variable temperature for a system containing 0.25 eV traps at a concentration c=3xl0. This translates into orjj= 0.080 eV. The current decays monotonously by several orders of magnitude to finally merge into a plateau followed by a rapid fall-off that reflects discharge of the carriers at the exit contact. This is in accord with experiment [74],... 

The rapid repression of pre-existing protein synthesis caused by anaerobic treatment is correlated with a near complete dissociation of polysomes in primary roots of soybeans (Lin Key, 1967) and maize (E.S. Dennis and A.J. Pryor, personal communication). This does not result from degradation of aerobic mRNAs, because the mRNAs encoding the pre-existing proteins remain translatable in an in vitro system at least five hours after anaerobic treatment is initiated (Sachs et al., 1980). This is in agreement... 

Even in J-type shock models, it is not appropriate to use thermal rate coefficients because the internal degrees of freedom will cool rapidly (via radiation) in the low density medium, whereas the translational degree of freedom will cool much more slowly. Appropriate rate coefficients are then those in which only translation is strongly excited such rate coefficients can be considerably lower than thermal rates for systems in which vibrational energy is the most efficient at inducing reaction. 

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