RANTES ligand

Anders HJ, Frink M, Linde Y, et al. CC chemokine ligand 5/RANTES chemokine antagonists aggravate glomerulonephritis despite reduction of glomerular leukocyte infiltration. J Immunol 2003 170 5658-5666. 

Chvatchko Y, Proudfoot AE, Buser R, et al. Inhibition of airway inflammation by amino-terminally modified RANTES/CC chemokine ligand 5 analogues is not mediated through CCR3. J Immunol 2003 171(10) 5498-5506. 

Nitric oxide Platelet factor 4 CD 40 ligand PDGF RANTES Thrombospondin JGF-P, others... 

In contrast to HTV-1 coreceptors, some chemokine ligands have the ability to reduce or ablate neuron toxicity. High levels of chemokines RANTES, MIP-la, and others have been shown to reduce neuron death (Meucci et al., 1998 Kaul and Lipton, 1999), while SDF-1, at higher concentrations may actually promote neuronal death (Hesselgesser et al., 1998 Kaul and Lipton, 1999 Zheng et al., 1999b). The mechanism is not yet completely understood, but may rely upon simple competitive inhibition, receptor expression changes on the cell surface, or other unknown mechanisms. 

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