Radius Fractures

Anderson D.D., Bell A.L., Gaffney M.B. et al. 1996. Contact stress distributions in malreduced intra-articular distal radius fractures. /. Orthop. Trauma 10 331. 

Ladd, A. L., and Pliam, N. B. (1999), Use of bone-graft substitutes in distal radius fractures,/. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 7(5) 279-290. 

Three fat pads lie over the capsule, the anterior over the coronoid fossa, the posterior over the olecranon fossa and a third over the supinator as it wraps over the radius. Fracture, haematoma and effusion into an intact capsule may cause capsular distension, which can distort these fat pads, improving their visibility and identifying occult fractures (Fig. 18.4). In the setting of acute trauma, a visible... 

Zimmermann R, Gschwentner M, Pechlaner S, Gabl M (2004) Remodeling capacity and functional outcome of palmarly versus dorsally displaced pediatric radius fractures in the distal one-third. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124 42-48... 

Figure 13.5 Intraoperative view of distal radius fracture with CFR-PEEK implant, and X-ray evaluation at 3 months showing radiolucent feature of such material without artifact.

From Tarallo L, Mugnai R, Adani R, Zambianchi F, Catani F. A new volar plate made of carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketon for distal radius fracture analysis of 40 cases. J Orthopaed Traumatol 2014 15 277-83. 

Sakano, H., Koshino, T., Takeuchi, R., Sakai, N., and Saito, T. 2001. Treatment of the unstable distal radius fracture with external fixation and a hydroxyapatite spacer. The Journal of Hand Surgery 26 923-930. 

Wolfe, S. W. 1999. Augmentation of distal radius fracture fixation with coralline HA bone graft substitutes. Journal of Hand Surgery 24A 816-27. 

Forming Limit Analysis. The ductihty of sheet and strip can be predicted from an analysis that produces a forming limit diagram (ELD), which defines critical plastic strains at fracture over a range of forming conditions. The ELD encompasses the simpler, but limited measures of ductihty represented by the percentage elongation from tensile tests and the minimum bend radius from bend tests. 

The term aK2v", derived from reptation theory, describes the velocity-dependent energy necessary to fracture the bulk adhesive. K2 is the consistency which relates the viscosity to the shear rate for a non-newtonian fluid. a = TtraL fh", with r being the chain radius, L the chain length, a the density of chains crossing over the fracture plane, and h is the distance between the chain and reptation tube. 

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique to stimulate the productivity of a well. A hydraulic fracture is a superimposed structure that remains undisturbed outside the fracture. Thus the effective permeability of a reservoir remains unchanged by this process. The increased productivity results from increased wellbore radius, because in the course of hydraulic fracturing, a large contact surface between the well and the reservoir is created. 

Fig. 15 Initiation of fibre fracture by a crack oriented parallel to the chain direction in a domain. It is proposed that a circular crack with a radius q releases the strain energy in a sphere around the crack with the same radius. Note that in this two-dimensional drawing only the circular crack is shown in perspective...

The most common osteoporosis-related fractures involve the vertebrae, proximal femur, and distal radius (wrist or Colies fracture). Two-thirds of patients with vertebral fractures are asymptomatic the remainder present with moderate to severe back pain that radiates down a leg after a new vertebral fracture. The pain usually subsides significantly after 2 to 4 weeks, but residual, chronic, low-back pain may persist. Multiple vertebral fractures decrease height and sometimes curve the spine (kyphosis or lordosis) with or without significant back pain. 

The relationship between the decrease in BMD and an increased fracture risk has been widely demonstrated, in all the measured skeletal regions and by different techniques (Melton et al. 1993 Marshall et al. 1996 Cummings et al. 1993). Marshall et al. (1996) demonstrated in a metaanalysis that one standard deviation decrease in BMD in lumbar spine, hip, or proximal radius increased the risk of fracture in these locations by 50 to 60% (Fig. 8.2). A different picture is seen, however, when the effects on BMD of the different antiresorptives and their relationship with the fracture risk reduction are analyzed. 

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