Radionuclide cystography

Dinneen MD, Duffy PG, Lythgoe ME et al (1994) Mercapto-acetyltriglycine (MAG 3) renography and indirect radionuclide cystography in posterior urethral valves. Br J Urol 74 785-789... 

Mandell GA, Eggli DF, Gilday DL et al (1997b) Procedure guideline for radionuclide cystography in children. Society of Nuclear Medicine. JNucl Med 38 1650-1654 Piepsz A, Hahn K, Roca 1 et al (1990) A radiopharmaceutical schedule for imaging in paediatrics. Eur J Nucl Med 17 127-129... 

Diagnosing VUR 212 Voiding Cystourethrography 212 Direct Radionuclide Cystography 215 Indirect Radionuclide Cystography 216 Ultrasound 216 Intravenous Urography 218... 

The isotopic tracer is injected intravenously and the presence of VUR is evaluated in the late phase of this examination, after micturition. This technique requires good cooperation from the child and is not suitable for children under the age of 5. It has the same drawbacks as direct radionuclide cystography its only advantage is that it does not require bladder catheterization (Piepz 2006). 

Chapman SJ, Chandler C, Haycock GB et al (1988) Radionuclide cystography in VUR. Arch Dis Child 63 650-671 Claudon M, Ben Sira L, Lehowitz RL (1999) Lower pole reflux in children uroradiologic appearances and pitfalls. AJR 172 795-801... 

Radiological assessment of children with nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction indudes renal and bladder ultrasound and a modified VCU in children with persistent and severe dysfunction in particular if associated with urinary tract infection (Parekh et al. 2001) and breakthrough infections. In girls radionuclide cystography or echo-enhanced sonography may replace VCU. 

Radionuclide cystography (RC) is an interesting alternative to VCU in that the irradiating doses delivered are low. However, the technique does not allow evaluation of intrarenal VUR, of the bladder wall or of the urethra. Some teams advocate its use in girls rather than in boys (Piepz and Hamm 2006). 

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