Quantum amplification effect

Moreover, the quantum amplification effect of the one-way isomerizing olefins could be utilized for practical purposes particularly in the solid state (28). 

The effect of an absorbed x-ray quantum on a photographic plate is visible as metallic silver after the plate has been developed and fixed. The number of quanta absorbed help to determine the amount of this metallic silver, and the development process performs somewhat the same function as amplification in a gas-filled detector (2.5). 

Based on the photoelectric effect, electrons in evacuated tubes (photoelectrons) are released from a metal surface if it is irradiated with photons of sufficient quantum energy. These are simple photocells. Photomultipliers are more sophisticated and used in modem spectrophotometers where, via high voltage, the photoelectrons are accelerated to another electrode (dynode) where one electron releases several electrons more, and by repetition up to more than ten times a signal amplification on the order of 10 can be obtained. This means that one photon finally achieves the release of 10 electrons from the anode, which easily can be measured as an electric current. The sensitivity of such a photomultiplier resembles the sensitivity of the human eye adapted to darkness. The devices described are mainly used in laboratory-bound spectrophotometers. 

This is fantastic it is at room temperature, we have effectively pure-state evolution, we measure observables up to some attenuation and amplification is easy. It looks like we have got a quantum computer. 

The interest in quantum interference stems from the early 1970s when Agarwal [4] showed that the ordinary spontaneous decay of an excited degenerate V-type three-level atom can be modified due to interference between the two atomic transitions. The analysis of quantum interference has since been extended to other configurations of three- and multilevel atoms and many interesting effects have been predicted, which can be used to control optical properties of quantum systems, such as high-contrast resonances [5,6], electro-magnetically induced transparency [7], amplification without population inversion [8], and enhancement of the index of refraction without absorption [9]. 

The anthryl olefins (la- d) undergo solely cis-to-trans isomerization, and no reverse isomerization takes place at all. Also, surprisingly, the quantum yields of the cis to trans isomerization far exceed unity and increase with the cis-isomer concentration attaining 10-20 depending on the olefins and their concentration. Once a photon is absorbed, many cis-molecules isomerize into trans by a quantum chain process. Therefore, this reaction also can serve for amplification of the effect of photons. We named this type of reaction as one-way isomerization and proposed its mechanism. 

The conditions necessary to observe a quantum chain process (a quantum gain) in solid matrices using the domino mechanism were reported by Ebbesen et al. to find new application of the amplification of the effect of photon in molecular optics [99]. The quantum yield of reaction from A to B (Oq) in solution is described as Eq. (4), where O is the quantum yield of production of the reactive excited state and k, and ki are the rate constants of energy transfer and unimolecu-lar deactivation, respectively. Since the molecular diffusion is slow in the solid matrices, the equation is modified by using Perrin s equation as shown in Eq. 

Various PAGs have been synthesized specifically for use in chemical amplification resists, reflecting their important impact on lithographic performance (Fig. 7) [13,30]. The choice of PAG depends on a number of factors such as the nature of radiation, quantum efficiency of acid generation, solubility, miscibility with resin, thermal and hydrolytic stability, plasticization effect, toxicity, strength and size of generated acid, impact on dissolution rates, cost, etc. In... 

A decrease in exposure wavelength translates to new types of photoresists that will be stable upon contact with higher energy radiation. Whereas the DNQ photoresist system is effective in the MUV range, photoresists that feature chemical amplification (CAM) moieties are used exclusively for DUV and shorter wavelengths.The enhancement of quantum efficiency and sensitivity results... 

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