Quantitative information, from balanced

QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION FROM BALANCED EQUATIONS We use the quantitative information inherent in chemical formulas and equations together with the mole concept to predict the amounts of substances consumed or produced in chemical reactions. 

SECTION 3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations... 

QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION FROM BALANCED EQUATIONS AND LIMITING REACTANTS (SECTIONS 3.6 AND 3.7) The mole concept can be used to calculate the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions. The coefficients in a balanced equation give the relative numbers of moles of the reactants and products. To calculate the number of grams of a product from the number of grams of a reactant, first convert grams of reactant to moles of reactant. Then use the coefficients in the balanced equation to convert the nmnber of moles of reactant to moles of product Finally, convert moles of product to grams of product... 

In this step, the team organizes and makes a final review of the quantitative information on all material flows, and summarizes the data onto a spreadsheet. For each unit operation, the team should use data compiled from Steps 2 through 12 to construct the material-balance system. Organize the information clearly. 

Figure 2-1 presents a qualitative flow diagram for the manufacture of nitric acid by the ammonia-oxidation process. Figure 2-2 presents a quantitative flow diagram for the same process. With the information from these two figures, prepare a quantitative energy balance for the process and size the equipment in sufficient detail for a preliminary cost estimate. 

On the other hand, quantitative information about the relative and absolute proportions of pancreatic enzymes can be obtained by determining the peak areas. But, for such information to be correct, the enzymes must be eluted from the column completely. They should also have been obtained previously in a pure form so that their extinction coefficients are known. Finally, the peaks should be pure. All these rather drastic requirements seem to be fulfilled in the case of bovine pancreatic juice. A quantitative balance sheet (1) can therefore be established with the following results ... 

In a balanced equation, the number of moles of one substance is stoichiometrically equivalent to the number of moles of any other substance. The term stoichiometrically equivalent means that a definite amount of one substance is formed from, produces, or reacts with a definite amount of the other. These quantitative relationships are expressed as stoichiometrically equivalent molar ratios that we use as conversion factors to calculate these amounts. Table 3.3 presents the quantitative information contained in the equation for the combustion of propane, a hydrocarbon fuel used in cooking and water heating ... 

Radioactivity profiling in plasma, urine, bile, and feces of appropriate animals and human subjects from mass balance studies enable a quantitative evaluation of the absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion of a drug candidate. The data can be supplemented with tissue distribution information from whole-body analysis and the further defining the sites of absorption and excretion in surgically prepared animals. 

This quantitative information represents a waste balance which deviates from the waste statistics, and is defined as follows (250) ... 

Section 3.2 Among the reaction types described in this chapter are (1) combination reactions, in which two reactants combine to form one product (2) decomposition reactions, in which a single reactant forms two or more products and (3) combustion reactions in oxygen, in which a hydrocarbon reacts with O2 to form CO2 and H2O. Section 3.3 Much quantitative information can be determined from chemical formulas and balanced chemical... 

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