Pyrolysis heat treatment conditions

Conversion of the as-deposited film into the crystalline state has been carried out by a variety of methods. The most typical approach is a two-step heat treatment process involving separate low-temperature pyrolysis ( 300 to 350°C) and high-temperature ( 550 to 750°C) crystallization anneals. The times and temperatures utilized depend upon precursor chemistry, film composition, and layer thickness. At the laboratory scale, the pyrolysis step is most often carried out by simply placing the film on a hot plate that has been preset to the desired temperature. Nearly always, pyrolysis conditions are chosen based on the thermal decomposition behavior of powders derived from the same solution chemistry. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is normally employed for these studies, and while this approach seems less than ideal, it has proved reasonably effective. A few investigators have studied organic pyrolysis in thin films by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using reflectance techniques. - This approach allows for an in situ determination of film pyrolysis behavior. 

The biomass conversion processes are not new and they are basically composed by pyrolysis processes and heat treatments, which depend on the type of organic load, conditions of preparation, reaction, etc. 

Operation conditions. A specially designed oxygen mixer and the interlock system assure safe operation outside tbe flammability envelope. Simple design and high quality material specifications result in two to three year intervals between major turnarounds and on stream times as high as 98+% over one year. The heat of reaction is recovered as high-pressure steam (18+ barg), which can be used by other parts of tbe VCM process (e.g., pyrolysis). Wastewater does not contain suspended catalyst fines therefore, there is no need to settle them and then dispose as a hazardous waste. Copper levels in fixed-bed effluents are below 0.3 ppm thus, no treatment is required. 

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