2- pyrazine cyclization

Phenacylpyridinium bromide (155) with aqueous sodium carbonate yields the chloroform soluble zwitterion (156) which, with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in the presence of palladium on charcoal, cyclized to the indolizine (157) in ca. 20% yield. In a similar way the pyrazine (158) gave a mixture of (159) and (160) through loss of the benzoyl group. The last compound was also ob-... 

Benzo[i/]isoxazol-3-yl)perhydropyrido[ 1,2-u]pyrazines were obtained by the cyclization of 2-[(hydroxyimino)phenylmethyl]pyrido[l,2-u]pyrazines on the action of NaH in THF at 90 °C for 18 h (99MIP9). 

Treatment of the appropriate pipecolic amide 396 with NEta afforded optically active or racemic perhydropyrido[l,2-a]pyrazine-l,4-dione (397) (97USP5703072). (9a5)-Perhydropyrido[l,2-a]pyrazin-3-one (400) was obtained by cyclization of piperidine 398, and the catalytic hydrogenation of quaternary salt 399 over Pd/C (99H(51)2065). 

Cyclization of 1 -(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-2-[(A-methoxycarbonyl-methyl)aminocarbonyl)piperidine and 2-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) -3-[(A-methoxycarbonylmethyl)aminocarbonyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquino-lines on the action of piperidine in THF yielded 2-(l,4-dioxoperhydropyr-ido[ 1,2-fl]pyrazin-2-y 1)- and 2-( 1,4-dioxo-1,3,4,6,11,11 a-hexahydro-2//-pyr-azino[l,2-i]isoquinolin-2-yl)acetamides, respectively (99MIP11). 

Cyclization of (25)-2-(rerc-butoxycarbonylaminomethyl)-l-(2-chloro-acetyl)piperidine on the action of NaH in THF gave (9aS)-2-(rerc-butoxycarbonyl)perhydropyrido[l,2-a]pyrazin-4-one (99H(51)2065). 3-Benzyl-2,3,4,4 ,5,6-hexahydro-l//-pyrazino[l,2-a]quinolin-l-ones 413... 

Methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)perhydropyrido[ 1,2-a]pyrazin-3-one was obtained by cyclization of l-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-2-[A-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)aminomethyl]piperidine on the action of NaH in boiling dioxane (99MIP10). 

Partly saturated pyrazino[l,2-r-]pyrimidines were prepared by formation of the pyrazine ring. 2-Substituted-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-177,277-pyrazino[l,2-r-]pyrimidin-l-ones were prepared by a [6+0] synthesis involving cyclization of 6-hydroxy-pyrimidine-4-(fV-hydroxyethyl)carboxamides <2005W02005/087766>. The 2/7-pyra-zino[l,2-c]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide 164 (Y = NH) was formed from [5+1] atom fragments via the uracil derivative 163 (Y = NH) and DMF-dimethyl acetal. Compounds 163 were prepared from 6-chloromethyluracil and glycine methyl ester 162 (Y = NH) (Scheme 20) <2004W02004/014354>. 

In most cases, pyrazino[l,2- ]pyrazines have been synthesized as highly saturated derivatives with the aim of preparing conformationally restricted compounds which mimic the secondary structure of reverse-turn regions of peptides and proteins. The saturated pyrazino[l,2- ]pyrazine 241 was synthesized from readily available starting materials, the key steps being the preparation of the keto amide 239 and subsequent tandem cyclizations from [6+0] atom fragments (Scheme 42) <20000L301>. 

Pyrazino[l,2-tf]pyrazines 245 (Y = NH) were prepared from [6+0] fragments by bond formation a to the ring junction nitrogen atom in the reductive cyclization of the N-protected piperazine derivative 244 (Scheme 44) <2002W0055518>. 

Corsaro and co-workers studied the reaction of pyridazine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine with benzonitrile oxide and utilized H NMR spectral analysis to determine the exact structure of all the cyclized products obtained from these reactions <1996T6421>, the results of which are outlined in Table 1. The structure of the bis-adduct product 21 of reaction of pyridazine with benzonitrile oxide was determined from the chemical shifts of the 4- and 5-isoxazolinic protons at 3.76 and 4.78 ppm and coupled with the azomethine H at 6.85 ppm and with the 5-oxadiazolinic H at 5.07 ppm, respectively. They determined that the bis-adduct possessed /(-stereochemistry as a result of the large vicinal coupling constant (9.1 Hz). Similarly, the relative stereochemistry of the bis-adducts of the pyrimidine products 22-25 and pyrazine products 26, 27 was determined from the vicinal coupling constants. 

As part of the synthesis of reverse transcriptase inhibitors, the tctrahydropyrrolo[l,2- thieno[3,2-f ]pyrazin-5-onc 193 was made by the reduction/cyclization of the 3-nitrothiophene 192 (Equation 48) <2002H(57)97>. 

The presence of a 2-substitutent in 3-phenylazirines (17, R —H in Scheme 21) modifies the mode of reaction with molybdenum carbonyl.47 In contrast to pyrazine formation for (17, R =H see Section V,C,2), the alkenyl azirine (18, Scheme 22) is transformed in excellent yield into 2-phenyl-5-carboxy-methylpyrrole. This product probably arises by intramolecular cyclization within an intermediate dienylnitrene intermediate, and related reactions have been devised to synthesize isoxazoles (see Section IV,E,2) and pyrazoles (see Section IV,D,1).47 The molybdenum carbonyl-promoted formation of 2,5-disubstituted pyrroles47 has analogy in uncatalyzed thermal, but not photochemical decomposition of 3-phenyl-2//-azirine 2-acrylate.49... 

A similar but simpler 4-imino-hexahydropyrrolo[l,2-tf]pyrazin-l(277)-one 311 was prepared starting from the product obtained by nucleophilic substitution of a primary amine to the bromoacetamide of the L-prolylnitrile 310 (Scheme 40). The cyclization occurred directly in basic medium by refluxing for 96 h in EtOAc. This compound showed a potent activity as an orally bioavailable dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor with anti-hyperglycemic properties <2003JME2774>. 

The same authors reported in a later study <2000H(3)69> that pyrazinone 340 is also a suitable starting material for a such transformation. The reaction proceeds in two steps the starting pyrazinone 340 when treated with benzonitrile oxide yields an addition product 341 which undergoes oxidative cyclization in the presence of iodine-potassium iodide to the ring-closed [l,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,5-tf]pyrazines 342. 

In the course of a series of studies on oxidations of /Tlactam-substituted tetrazoles carried out by a Hungarian research group <1999T8457>, cyclization to some fused tetrazolo[l,2-tf]pyrazines has been observed. The results are shown in Scheme 21. 

Derivatives of pyrido[2,3-f>]pyrazine were prepared from pyridyl-substituted AAs. Reductive cyclization afforded 115 (79CZ387), whereas cyclization with potassium carbonate gave the dione 116 (87TL6363). 

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