Pulsed total treatment time

An elementary treatment of a three-level system under pulsed excitation was given in Sec. II.C. Pollack treats the steady-state condition and the turn-off condition as well. These cases are quite interesting and deserve further discussion. Figure 51 shows the three-level system he analyzed. The quantities Ni(f), N2(f), and N3(f)are the electron-distribution functions (populations) and a9 b, and c represent the total transition probabilities per unit time. The boundary condition Nx + N2 + N = JV =constant is assumed. 

The treatment developed in the previous section for a single potential pulse can be generalized for a sequence of potential pulses. Thus, the current Ip corresponding to reduction of O species when the potential pulse Ep of the arbitrary sequence Ei, E2, ., Ep is applied is given by Eq. (6.109). Moreover, the total time elapsed between the application of the first and pth potential steps is given by... 

Figure 6. Dependence of the anti-microbe effect (ratio of the E. coli 1257 living cell number at given time Nt to the total number of cell No) of the electric spark treatment as a function of the external field strength Um and electric pulse frequency /...

Applications of the continuous coronas are limited by low cmrent and power, which results in a low rate of treatment of materials and exhaust streams. Increasing the corona power without transition to sparks becomes possible by using pttlse-periodic voltages. The pulsed corona is one of the most promising atmospheric-presstrre, non-thermal discharges. The streamer velocity is about 10 cm/s and exceeds by a factor of 10 the typical electron drift velocity in an avalanche. If the distance between electrodes is about 1-3 cm, the total time necessary for the development of avalanches, avalanche-to-streamer transition, and streamer propagation between electrodes is about 100-300 ns. Therefore, the voltage pulses of this... 

The first measurements of protein turnover in a human subject were performed in 1949. Since that time several models have been proposed to give true estimates of protein turnover, or at least permit intra-subject comparison of synthesis and catabolism. The great majority of estimates of protein turnover in the human subject have involved the use of [ N]glycine administered either as a pulse label or by constant infusion, and measurement of the resultant N label in the urine ( N total, [ N]urea or [ N]ammonia). Detailed treatment of the underlying theory of these models has been presented in 2 excellent reviews [399,400]. Initial studies used [ N]glycine, administered as a single dose (pulse labelling) and the rate of protein turnover was calculated from the curve of N excretion over 48—60h [401]. The excretion curve obtained was fitted to the equation ... 

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