Pulse area

Set up the flow cytometer to acquire red fluorescence signals as pulse width and pulse area (integral) values, so that doublets can be discerned and gated out before analyzing the DNA content frequency histogram (see Wersto et al., 2001, for a discussion of the doublet discrimination procedure). 

Figure 3.26 Comparison of the efficiencies of population transfer generated by conventional STI-RAP (M = 1) and composite STIRAP (M = 3 and M = 5) with the same pulse area.

Figure 3.44 displays the dependence of population transfer generated by STIRAP, STIRAP-l-CDF and STIRAP-l-FFF (with peak field ratios 1.2 and 1.5) on the FWHM of the pulses. The values of Tp -Tg = FWHM/(2Vln 2) for each value of the FWHM have been adjusted so that the pulse areas of the pump and Stokes... 

The process starts in the ground state, where the electron is described by an Y-wave. For this highly symmetric charge distribution, the dipole moment, and hence the interaction energy, vanishes exactly indicating equal population of the dressed states. The weak pre-pulse serves to launch the coherent charge oscillation. Designed with a pulse area [92] of... 

There is a range of pulse parameters (such as the pulse area, maximizes the association yield for a fixed initial wave packet. For both the intuitu) and the counterintuitive schemes there is a clear maximum at a specific puke ar< merely increasing the pulse intensity does not lead to an improved association yieht We can attribute this to the fact that the association rate of Eq, (1 increases linearly with increasing pulse intensity, whereas the dissociaiion... 

We remark that this multiphoton process, like the one-photon process described by Eq. (245) and the two-photon process described by (256), are not robust with respect to the pulse area. 

This result gives the strategy to choose appropriate time-dependent parameters to achieve the adiabatic passage with a minimum pulse area. 

This can be applied for the scrap process described above. We choose again Gaussian pulses, but with parameters such that the path is now close to the optimal one—that is, a level line. The numerical calculation is shown in Fig. 5, and the associated path (b)opt is shown in Fig. 4. We can see that for smaller pulse areas compared to the ones used in Fig. 3, we obtain a better population transfer, which, moreover, is monotonic. 

Figure 12 shows numerical calculations that illustrate some of the predictions of the above analysis. It displays the populations of the states 2) and 3) at the end of the pulses for intuitive and counterintuitive sequences with a large pulse area. The boundaries of the areas of efficient transfer (black areas) are predicted quite accurately by the topology analysis They are determined by (i) the straight lines (thick full lines) Ap = 0 and Ay = 0 coming from the inequalities (294) and (296) and (ii) the branches of the hyperbolas (dashed lines)... 

Figures 5a-f plot the product of the MA and n-butane pulse areas (i.e., the relative MA selectivity) versus the n-butane pulse number. Taken together, these plots show that the MA selectivity depends on the pulse number, and the oxygen treatment temperature...

As we have discussed earlier, the time dependence of the envelope of external excitation does not influence the final analytical result discussed here. The parameter /(f) appears only inside the integral determining the external pulse area 0(f) [Eq. (10)]. Therefore, we can assume without losing generality of our considerations that the excitation is in the form of a series of ultrashort... 

It was shown by Loglio et al. (1991a) that the most useful disturbance for interfacial relaxation experiments is the trapezoidal area change. For time regimes realised in most of the transient relaxation experiments the trapezoidal area change can be approximated adequately by a square pulse. For the square pulse area change we obtain ... 

We find that the LF in a QD dominated by phonon-induced dephasing processes leads to the appearance of regions with zero population and step-like transitions in the ROs for small pulse areas and relatively long pulse durations, in contrast to systems without LF effects, where ROs exhibit a damped sinusoidal behavior due to the the electron-phonon coupling for the parameters used here. 

Is the pulse area 6 of the microwave drive small enough, a second measurement will most probably reproduce the result of the first one, since the chance of survival in Eq. (6) deviates from imity only as the square of 6. The quantum state we ascribe to the ion, based on the previous result, has evolved after the next driving pulse as well as the associated expectation value. This ascribed state could be verified only by a set of observations on the (equally prepared) system. In fact, the equal result of a second measurement makes jump back our best knowledge to what we knew after the first measurement, i.e. before the second driving pulse it is an updating of information, by the measurement. This is why the evolution ascribed to the ion is retarded, or frustrated, by reiterated observation even when scattered light, in an "ojf" result, does not show up. 

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