Psi-Plot

Many software packages, such as PSI-PLOT, Mathcad, and Sigmaplot, can carry out numerical differentiation simply and directly. Also, it is possible to fit the data to a function by the method of least squares and then differentiate. It is best to compare the results of several methods if they agree, one has greater confidence in the results. 

Residues Receptor Atoms Cheek Phi-Psi Plot V Plot /Date I ... 

The USB2000 can be used with a Pocket PC, desk top, or laptop computer. Data presented here were collected and analyzed (Grams/32, Galactic Industries, Salem, NH) on a laptop computer. Linear fittings were performed using PSI-Plot(v 7.0b). 

X 10 psi) and 700 GPa (102 X 10 psi), plot the modulus of elasticity versus the volume percent of WC in Co from 0 to 100 vol%, using both upper-and lower-bound expressions. 

Fig. 26. Bagley plot of pressure,, drop along a capidary versus capidary aspect ratio, E/R, at A, 7 = 590 s, and B, 7 = 295 s N To convert MPa to psi,...

Fig. 48. Multifrequency modulus and tan 5 vs temperature plots. To convert N/m to psi, multiply by 1.45 x. ...

Diagrams of isobaric heat capacity (C and thermal conductivity for carbon dioxide covering pressures from 0 to 13,800 kPa (0—2,000 psi) and 311 to 1088 K have been prepared. Viscosities at pressures of 100—10,000 kPa (1—100 atm) and temperatures from 311 to 1088 K have been plotted (9). 

Figure 4-2 displays plots of AH, AS, and AG as functions of composition for 6 binary solutions at 50°C. The corresponding excess properties are shown in Fig. 4-3 the activity coefficients, derived from Eq. (4-119), appear in Fig. 4-4. The properties shown here are insensitive to pressnre, and for practical pnrposes represent sohition properties at 50°C (122°F) and low pressnre (P 1 bar [14.5 psi]).

Selecting an allowable continuous working stress at the required temperature must be a procedure that allows for making an estimation of the elongation at the end of the product s life. For example, if a product will be stressed to 1,700 psi at a temperature of 66°C (150°F), and data are available for 2,000 psi stress at 71°C (160°F), this information plotted on log-log paper should allow to extrapolate the long-term behavior of the material. 

Regions of ordered secondary structure arise when a series of aminoacyl residues adopt similar phi and psi angles. Extended segments of polypeptide (eg, loops) can possess a variety of such angles. The angles that define the two most common types of secondary structure, the a helix and the (5 sheet, fall within the lower and upper left-hand quadrants of a Ramachandran plot, respectively (Figure 5-1). 

Figure 5-1. Ramachandran plot of the main chain phi (< ) and psi (T) angles for approximately 1000 nonglycine residues in eight proteins whose structures were solved at high resolution. The dots represent allowable combinations and the spaces prohibited combinations of phi and psi angles. (Reproduced, with permission, from Richardson JS The anatomy and taxonomy of protein structures. Adv Protein Chem 1981 34 167.)...

Equation (20-80) requires a mass transfer coefficient k to calculate Cu, and a relation between protein concentration and osmotic pressure. Pure water flux obtained from a plot of flux versus pressure is used to calculate membrane resistance (t ically small). The LMH/psi slope is referred to as the NWP (normal water permeability). The membrane plus fouling resistances are determined after removing the reversible polarization layer through a buffer flush. To illustrate the components of the osmotic flux model. Fig. 20-63 shows flux versus TMP curves corresponding to just the membrane in buffer (Rfouimg = 0, = 0),... 

A curve plotted from an equation in Ref. 12 is reproduced here as Figure 3. Above Ps = 100 psi and standard atmospheric conditions, Eq. (14) is increasingly in error compared to this curve, and should not be used. (Note that, at the surface of a spherical TNT charge at sea level,... 

The loads from external near-surface burst explosions are based on hemispherical surface burst relationships. Peak pressure (P psi) and scaled. impulse Ci/W psi/lb ) are plotted vs. scaled distance (R/W ft/lb ). Roof and sidewall elements, side-on to the shock wave, see side-on loads (P and i ). The front wall, perpendicular to the shock wave, sees the much higher reflected shock wave loads (P and i ). An approximate triangular pressure-time relationship is shown in Figure 5a. The duration, T, is determined from the peak pressure and impulse by assuming a triangular load. Complete load calculations include dynamic loads on side-on elements, the effect of clearing times on reflected pressure durations, and load variations on structural elements due to their size and varying distance from the explosive source. 

PSI allows the constant monitoring of all charged species at a time resolution equal to the scan rate, and the abundances of the various species of interest can be plotted against time. Reaction times are those the reactants spend in the flask plus the time they spend in the tube. The additional reaction time can be calculated (vide supra) but fast reactions may be somewhat difficult to follow. Here, making the tube as short as possible is beneficial. In the case of the hydrolysis reaction, we see the protonated starting material, [Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH + H]+ at m/z 649, disappear to be replaced by protonated forms of both fragments, [Fmoc-Arg-OH + H]+ at m/z 397 and [Pbf+H]+ at m/z 191. We present the traces in 2 forms (a) raw intensity data and (b) normalized to the total intensity of all ions of interest (i.e. those at m/z 649, 397 and 191). 

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