Proximate analysis derivatives

TABLE 1.4 Data Derived from Proximate Analysis... 

Thus, the objective of the proximate analysis is to determine the amount moisture, volatile matter yield, ash yield, and fixed carbon from the coal sample. Mineral matter is not directly measured but may be obtained by one of a number of empirical formula either from the yield of mineral ash or from data derived from the ultimate analysis. 

From the burner design perspective, this fuel reactivity is typically expressed as the fixed carbon/volatile matter (FCA M) ratio derived from the proximate analysis. The influence of aromaticity on that ratio can be observed from equation 1-3 ... 

Several methods have been used for the characterization of refuse. Some of these have been derived from the techniques employed for the characterization of solid fuels such as the proximate and ultimate analyses. The reader will recall from the previous section that by proximate analysis we mean the moisture, volatile, fixed carbon, and ash content of the refuse. The ultimate analysis gives the actual chemical composition of the refuse. Still another classification which is frequently employed provides a breakdown of the refuse components according to their origin, viz., glass, leather, paper, etc. 

In this section we consider electromagnetic dispersion forces between macroscopic objects. There are two approaches to this problem in the first, microscopic model, one assumes pairwise additivity of the dispersion attraction between molecules from Eq. VI-15. This is best for surfaces that are near one another. The macroscopic approach considers the objects as continuous media having a dielectric response to electromagnetic radiation that can be measured through spectroscopic evaluation of the material. In this analysis, the retardation of the electromagnetic response from surfaces that are not in close proximity can be addressed. A more detailed derivation of these expressions is given in references such as the treatise by Russel et al. [3] here we limit ourselves to a brief physical description of the phenomenon. 

For activity of ACTH-derived peptides at the receptor for pole-jumping activity, the basic requirement seems to be the presence of a Phe and Met residue in close proximity. It is interesting to see that Phe and Met are close together in an a-helical structure in ACTH peptides (and as intra-chain neighbours in Met-enkephalin) and in the crystalline state in ACTH-(4-10) as a 3-pleated sheet and in ACTH-(4-7) in the form of a horseshoe this close proximity is in line with the results of a Free-Wilson type of analysis. 

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