Provisional Advisory Levels

Axelrod, D.J., Hamilton, J.G., 1947. Radio-autographic studies of the distribution of lewisite and mustard gas in skin and eye tissues. Am. J. Pathol. 23,389-411. Bast, C., Young, R., McGinnis, P.M., et al., 2013. Provisional Advisory Level (PAL) development for Lewisite and sulfur mustard. Toxicologist 132 (1), 473. Boursnell, J.C., Cohen, J.A., Dixen, M., et al., 1946. Studies on mustard gas (2,2-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) and some related compounds. 5. The fate of injected mustard gas (containing radioactive sulphur) in the animal body. Biochem. J. 40, 756-764. 

Young, R.A., Bast, C.B., Wood, C.S., et al., 2009. Overview of the standing operating procedures (SOP) for the development of Provisional Advisory Levels (PALs). Inhal. Toxicol. 21 (Suppl. 3), 1-11. 

D. Glass, M. McClanahan, L. Roller and F. Adeshina, Provisional advisory levels (PALs) for phosgene (CG), Inhalation Toxicol, 2009,21,73-94. 

The elevated toxaphene levels in Lake Superior have social and economic impacts as well. The 2003 Guide to Eating Sport Fish published by the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy [158] indicates fish consumption advisories for Lake Superior lake trout due to toxaphene levels. As a result of the high toxaphene levels, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has restricted sale with Ontario (but not the export) of large lake trout harvested from Lake Superior as of 1995. An assessment of toxaphene levels in Lake Superior fish fillets by Health Canada concluded that consumption of lake trout, salmon, longnose sucker and whitefish muscle from northwestern areas of the lake should be limited to one or two meals per month (55-135 g/week) based on a provisional tolerable daily intake of 0.2 pg/g body wt/day [159]. 

National structure and institutions involved with setting OELs, Until recently there was no national committee/advisory board or other regulatory body established doling exclusively with the establishment of OELs. The only (historical) example of such a body existed in 1975, when the former ENPI Ente Nazionale Prevenzione Infortuni -National Agency for Prevention of Accidents at Work) issued a provisional list of recommended OELs, which was never approved at national level. ENPI was shut down in 1979, after the National Health Service was installed in 1978. 

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