Proton transfer electric field induced

In order to obtain high conversion efficiencies, optimization of the short-circuit photocurrent (z sc) and open-circuit potential (Voc) of the solar cell is essential. The conduction band of the TiO is known to have a Nernstian dependence on pH [13,18], The fully protonated sensitizer (22), upon adsorption, transfers most of its protons to the TiO surface, charging it positively. The electric field associated with the surface dipole generated in this fashion enhances the adsorption of the anionic ruthenium complex and assists electron injection from the excited state of the sensitizer in the titania conduction band, favoring high photocurrents (18-19 inA/cm ). However, the open-circuit potential (0.65 V) is lower due to the positive shift of the conduction-band edge induced by the surface protonation. 

Supramolecular assemblies including CNTs have proven difficult due to challenges associated with dispersing SWNTs in neat solvents and to the difficulty in controlling molecular orientation. In one example of supramolecular assembly, a direct current (DC) electric field was employed to induce surfactant (tetraoctlyammonium bromide) or polymer (Nafion) capped SWNTs to assemble into linear bundles. On the basis of the knowledge that fullerenes can experience charge-transfer interactions with porphyrins to form supramolecular assemblies, Kamat and coworkers determined that protonated porphyrins yielded ordered... 

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