Spectroscopy proton magnetic resonance, of carbohydrates

C. A., Methyl and Phenyl Glycosides of the Common Sugars, 12, 157-187 Corina, D. L. See Barnett, J. E. G. Courtois, Jean Emile, [Obituary of] Emile Bourquelot, 18, 1-8 Coxon, Bruce, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates, 27, 7-83... 

Gorina, D. L. See Barnett, J. E. C. CoxoN, Bruce, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates, 27, 7-83... 

L. D. Hall and J. F. Manville, Studies of carbohydrate derivatives by nuclear magnetic doubleresonance. Part I. Studies of deoxy-sugars by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in S. Hanessian, (Ed.), Deoxy-Sugars, Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 74, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1968, pp. 228-252. 

Application of conformational concepts to carbohydrates has enabled many reaction mechanisms to be elucidated, but, until the development of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, no method was available to provide a quantitative check on the correctness of the conformations assumed to occur in solution. With the advent of the Karplus method, it has become possible to obtain a quantitative measure of each conformation and, hence, to obtain some indication as to the limitations of the conventional concepts of conformational analysis. 

Some of the applications of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to stereochemical problems in carbohydrate chemistry have been described in Section V. This technique also has some value in direct structural investigations on cyclic acetals, particularly in diagnosing pyranose-furanose equilibria. The method is especially useful for those acetals which could... 

Cummings, R. D., and Smith, D. F., 1992, The selectin family of carbohydrate-binding proteins Structure and importance of carbohydrate ligands for cell adhesion, BioEssays 14 849-856. Dabrowski, J., 1989, Two-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Methods EnzymoL 179 122-156. 

Carbohydrates in nature are optically active and polarimetry is widely used in establishing their structure. Measurement of the specific rotation gives information about the linkage type (a or (3 form) and is also used to follow mutarotation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) can be used to differentiate between the anomeric protons in the a- or /3-pyranose and furanose anomers and their proportions can be measured from the respective peak areas. 

Proton magnetic resonance (p.m.r.) spectroscopy is now firmly established as the most widely used technique for the structural, configurational, and conformational analysis of carbohydrates and their derivatives. Much of the earlier work on the application of... 

The first Chapter on nuclear magnetic resonance2 in this Series was devoted principally to p.m.r. spectroscopy, because, up to 1964, virtually no magnetic resonance studies of other nuclei in carbohydrates and their derivatives had been made. The present Chapter is also concerned mainly with the p.m.r. technique, in the expectation that the broad subject of nuclei other than protons will be treated separately in this Series. 

Despite the success of proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( H n.m.r.) spectroscopy as a tool for studying the structures of organic compounds in solution, the technique nevertheless suffers from a number of limitations. These limitations become increasingly serious with increase in the size and molecular complexity of the system of interest. In particular, when attention is directed to studies of polymeric materials, especially those of biochemical relevance, much of the incisive power of the H n.m.r. technique has, to date, been lost. The outcome of this situation is clearly exemplified in the carbohydrate area, where H n.m.r. spectroscopy is generally the tool preferred for structural studies of mono-... 

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