Proto cooperation

In a general sense, communication will be positive if the mediator enhances growth or leads to favourable modification of the behaviour of the receiving oiganism. Such a supply may lead to commensalism, proto-cooperation and eventually symbiosis. Interaction is said to be negative when the mediator is toxic in itself (antibiotic, antiseptic or toxic) or brings about a lethal metabolic or behavioural modification in the receiver. 

Protocooperation differs from mutualism In that In mutualism neither population can survive without the other whereas In proto-cooperation one or both populations can survive without the other. One could define two sub-cases of protocooperation, depending upon whether the presence of the second population Is necessary for... 

Wolfes, H., Kogawa, K., Millette, C. F., and Cooper, G. M. (1989). Specific expression of nuclear proto-oncogenes before entry into meiotic prophase of spermatogenesis. Science 245 740-743. 

Fanidi, A., Harrington, E.A. and Evan, G.I. (1992) Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogenes. Nature 359 554—556. 

We have seen that the unique compression of Indo-Hittite and Afro-Asiatic Semitic cultures produced the very unusual phenomenon of the proto-Israelites. The Israelites and Indo-Hittites were then to join in a cooperative commercial venture to secure the Commagene region of... 

Cooperativity in the conduction of protons in hydrated PEMs encompasses effects including the mobility of protons via a flux of water molecules, the amphotericity (i.e. the ability to act as both a Lowry-Bronsted proton donor and acceptor) of the protogenic groups, and the motion of either the proto-genic group or side chain that facilitates the hand off or net transport of a proton. In this section we exclude our discussion to only the latter flexibility of the side chains of PFSA membranes. 

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