Proteins charge modified

Raising the pi of macromolecules also can significantly alter the immune response toward them upon in vivo administration. Cationized proteins (those modified with diamines to increase their net charge or pi) are known to generate an increased immune response compared to their native forms (Muckerheide et al., 1987a, b Apple et al., 1988 Domen et al., 1987 Domen and Hermanson, 1992). The use of cationized BSA as a carrier protein for hapten conjugation can result in a dramatically higher antibody response toward a coupled hapten (Chapter 19). 

Calcium has a dual role in the regulation of cell function It carries charge and thus contributes to the changes of membrane potential in excitable cells, and it acts as a biochemical messenger by directly binding to proteins and modifying their functional state. Proteins directly or indirectly affected by calcium are very diverse and include enz mies, cy-toskeletal proteins, ion channels, and transcription factors. 

Methods for detecting DNA from whole cells on nylon, without DNA purification and processing of the samples in individual vials (Brandsma and Miller, 1980), have recently been developed (McIntyre and Stark, 1989 Reed and Matthaei, 1990 Hammermueller et al., 1991). These procedures avoid enzymatic dispersion of cells, RNase and pronase treatments to hydrolyze cellular macromolecules, etc. These alternative methods are based on the capacity of hot alkali to disperse and solubilize cells and hydrolyze macromolecules including RNA and protein, but not DNA. Positively charged modified nylon membranes then irreversibly bind nucleic acid (Reed and Mann, 1985) while remaining suitable for hybridization. Critical parameters in this procedure are the temperature (80°C), the length of the incubation period (20 min) and the NaOH... 

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