Protein conjugating amine-containing

Figure 9.62 Sulfo-SMCC can be used to conjugate amine-containing QDs with thiol-containing proteins or other molecules using a two-step coupling procedure.

The above methods were utilized to conjugate a carboxyl group on a hapten to an amino residue on a protein. Obviously, the above reactions could be, and have been, utilized to conjugate an amino residue on a hapten to the carboxyl residues on proteins. However, there are additional methods which have proven useful for conjugating amine containing haptens to proteins. ... 

In some cases, the modified protein may be stored for long periods before conjugation with another amine-containing molecule by immediate freezing and lyophilization. If stability is a problem, however, the modified protein should be conjugated immediately. 

Aryl halide compounds such as fluorobenzene derivatives can be used to form covalent bonds with amine-containing molecules like proteins. The reactivity of aryl halides, however, is not totally specific for amines. Other nucleophiles such as thiol, imidazolyl, and phenolate groups of amino acid side chains also can react (Zahn and Meinhoffer, 1958). Conjugates formed with sulfhydryl groups are reversible by cleaving with an excess of thiol (Shaltiel, 1967). 

Add a quantity of the aldehyde-containing molecule to the solution in step 1 to obtain the desired molar ratio for conjugation. For instance, if the amine-containing protein is... 

Conjugations done with SIAB usually proceed by a multi-step process. Because the crosslinker s NHS ester end is its most labile functionality, an amine-containing protein or molecule... 

GMBS can be used in multi-step conjugation protocols wherein an amine-containing molecule or protein is first modified via the NHS ester end (its most labile-reactive group)to... 

Figure 7.18 Amine-containing dendrimers can be activated with epibromohydrin to result in the formation of reactive epoxy groups on the dendrimer surface. This reactive intermediate then can be used to conjugate with thiol-containing proteins, such as thiolated alkaline phosphatase. The reaction results in the formation of a thioether bond.

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