1,2-propylene glycol density

By-products include propylene dibromide, bis-(bromopropyl) ether, propylene glycol, and propionic acid. Bromide losses are to the brominated organics and bromate formation. Current efficiency is a function of ceU design and losses to bromate. Energy consumption decreases with an increase in electrolyte concentration and a decrease in current density. Space—time yield increases with current density. See Table 5 for performance data (see... 

Salts and Derivatives. Generally the vitamers are high melting crystalline soHds that are very soluble in water and insoluble in most other solvents. Properties of the common forms are Hsted in Table 1. The only commercially important form of vitamin B is pytidoxine hydrochloride (7). This odorless crystalline soHd is composed of colorless platelets melting at 204—206°C (with decomposition). In bulk, it appears white and has a density of - 0.4 kg/L. It is very soluble in water (ca 0.22 kg/L at 20°C), soluble in propylene glycol, slightly soluble in acetone and alcohol (ca 0.014 kg/L), and insoluble in most lipophilic solvents. A 10% water solution shows a pH of 3.2. Both the hydrochloride and corresponding free base sublime without decomposition (16). 

Figure 12.4 Propylene glycol in water, (a) Eutectic curve, (b) Density and specific heat capacity...

Hull cell PHYS CHEM An electrodeposition cell that operates within a simultaneous range of known current densities. hoi, sel humectant chem A substance which absorbs or retains moisture examples are glycerol, propylene glycol, and sorbitol used in preparing confectioneries and dried fruit. hyu mek-tont ... 

Fumaric and itaconic acids are also used as the diacid component. Most reaction formulations involve a mixture of a saturated diacid (iso- and terephthalic, adipic) with the unsaturated diacid or anhydride in appropriate proportions to control the density of crosslinking (which depends on the carbon-carbon double-bond content of the prepolymer) for specific applications [Parker and Peffer, 1977 Selley, 1988], Propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, and bisphenol A are also used in place of ethylene glycol as the diol component. Aromatic reactants are used in the formulation to improve the hardness, rigidity, and heat resistance of the crosslinked product. Halogenated reactants are used to impart flame resistance. 

Using simple laboratory equipment, it is possible to detect variations of the density of the order of 1 kg m-3 therefore, density measurements would be useless for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and diamino diphenyl methane (DGEBA-DDM), because both components have close Ma values. They would be moderately sensitive for unsaturated polyesters of maleate/ phthalate (1/1) of propylene glycol crosslinked by styrene (36 wt%), and relatively sensitive for DGEBA cured by diamino diphenyl sulphone (DDS) or phthalic anhydride (PA), for which relative variations of the molar ratio y of about 5% could be detected. In certain cases, where some comonomer (PA or styrene) can be lost by evaporation during the cure, density measurements can constitute a simple and efficient method of control way (e.g., for non-filled materials). 

Propylene glycol (boiling point 189°C, density 1.0361) is produced by hydration of propylene oxide in a process similar to that for the production of ethylene glycol by hydration of ethylene oxide. 

Fig. 1. Density (p) of some hydroorganic mixtures as a function of temperature. OlOII, glycerol DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide EGOH, ethylene glycol PrOH, propylene glycol MPD, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol MeOH, methanol. From Travers et al. (1975). Reprinted with permission of Biochimie. Copyright by the Societe de Chimie Bio-logique.

Density modifiers may be used to adjust the density of either phase to reduce creaming. Sucrose, dextrose, glycerol or propylene glycol can be used with care for minor adjustments to the density of the aqueous phase. However, due to differences in the coefficient of expansion, they can only be used over a small temperature range. 

COM Comelli, F., Bigi, A., Vitahni, D., Rubini, K., and Francesconi, R., Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and heat capacities of poly(propylene glycols) or poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene yco )-block-copolymers + 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at (298.15 and 313.15) K and at atmospheric pressure, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 53, 1302, 2008. 

Poly(ethylene glycol-i-propylene glycol-6-ethylene glycol) dimethylsulfoxide density, F 410-411... 

In Fig. 21 the kinetic curves conversion degree—reaction duration Q-t for two polyols on the basis of ethyleneglycole (PO-1) and propylene-glycole (PO-2) are adduced. As it was to be expected, these curves had autodecelerated character, that is, reaction rate was decreased with time. Such type of kinetic curves is typical for fractal reactions, to which either fractal objects reactions or reactions in fractal spaces are attributed [85], In case of Euclidean reactions the linear kinetics (i> =const) is observed. The general Eq. (2.107) was used for the description of fractal reactions kinetics. From this relationship it follows, that the plot Q t) construction in double logarithmic coordinates allows to determine the exponent value in this relationship and, hence, the fractal dimension value. In Fig. 3.22 such dependence for PO-1 is adduced, from which it follows, that it consists of two linear sections, allowing to perform the indicated above estimation. For small t t 50 min) the linear section slope is higher and A =2.648 and for i>50 min A =2.693. Such A increase or macromolecular coil density enhancement in reaction course is predicted by the irreversible... 

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