Propargyl compounds substitutions with

Most of the synthetic routes to allenes utilize the reaction of propargylic compounds as electrophiles. In contrast, if the propargylic compounds serve as nucleophiles, a wide variety of substituted allenes, which are not easily accessible by the reaction of propargylic compounds with nucleophiles, are available. However, in order to synthesize enantioenriched allenes by this method, it is necessary to generate configurationally stable propargyl or allenylmetal reagents (cf. Chapter 9). 

Acceptor-substituted allenes can be prepared from the corresponding propargyl precursors by prototropic isomerization (see Section 7.2.2). Conversely, such allenes can also be used to synthesize propargyl compounds. For example, treatment of the sulfoxides 417 with 1 equivalent of a lithiation reagent leads to the intermediates 418, which furnish propargyl sulfoxides 419 by hydrolysis (Scheme 7.55) [101]. If the electrophiles used are not protons but primary alkyl halides or carbonyl compounds, the products 420 or 421, respectively, are formed by C,C linkage. 

To elucidate the reaction pathway, deuterium-labeled allenyl pinacol boronate 10 was prepared, and the addition reaction with hydrazonoester 6 was conducted in the presence of Bi(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 (Scheme 4). In both Bi- and Cu-catalyzed cases, the reactions proceeded smoothly (in quantitative yields in both cases). In the Bi(OH)3-catalyzed reaction, a major product was allenyl compound 11, in which the internal position was deuterized. It was assumed that a propargyl bismuth was formed via transmetalation from boron to bismuth, followed by addition to hydrazonoester via y-addition to afford allenyl compound 11. Thus, two y-additions could selectively provide a-addition products [75, 76, 105, 106]. It was confirmed that isomerization of 10 did not occur. Recently, we reported Ag20-catalyzed anti-selective a-addition of a-substituted allyltributyltin with aldehydes in aqueous media [107], On the other hand, in the Cu(OH)2-catalyzed reaction, a major product was propargyl compound 12, in which the terminal position was deuterized. A possible mechanism is that Cu(OH)2 worked as a Lewis acid catalyst to activate hydrazonoester 6 and that allenyl boronate 10 [83-85] reacted with activated 6 via y-addition to afford 12. 

Thiolate-bridged diruthenium complexes such as Cp RuCl(p2-SR)2RuCp Cl catalyze the propargylic substitution reaction of propargylic alcohol derivatives with various carbon-centered nucleophiles [118-120]. Ketones [119] (Eq. 88), aromatic compounds [120] (Eq. 89), or alkenes thus selectively afford the corresponding propargylated products with C-C bond formation. An allenylidene intermediate is proposed in these reactions. They are detailed in the chapter Ruthenium Vinylidenes and Allenylidenes in Catalysis of this volume. 

In allylic and propargylic compounds the 8, 2 reaction in addition to undergoing nucleophilic substitution takes place with a rearrangement of a double bond (Fig. 3). 

The overall process, considering that the propargylic alcohols are generated from carbonyl compounds, constitutes a reductive nucleophilic substitution with additional introduction of the synthetically valuable sulfoxide functionality. 

Pd-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of allylic compounds with formates is an efficient and mild method. The hydride generated from the palladium formate attacks the more substimted side of the allylic system to give less substituted olefins in contrast to the case with other hydride sources. Pd-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of propargylic compounds affords either aUenes or alkynes depending on the structure of the propargylic compounds. 

Various propargylic dithioacetals react with organomagnesium compounds to yield substituted allenes. Alkynyl oxiranes like 137 lead to 2,3-allenols of type 138 under iron catalysis with good chirality transfer (Scheme 2-50). ... 

Kalek M, Johansson T, Jezowska M, Stawinski J. Palladium-catalyzed propargylic substitution with phosphorus nucleo-philes efficient, stereoselective synthesis of allenylphospho-nates and related compounds. Org. Lett. 2010 12 4702-4704. 

Among several propargylic derivatives, the propargylic carbonates 3 were found to be the most reactive and they have been used most extensively because of their high reactivity[2,2a]. The allenylpalladium methoxide 4, formed as an intermediate in catalytic reactions of the methyl propargylic carbonate 3, undergoes two types of transformations. One is substitution of cr-bonded Pd. which proceeds by either insertion or transmetallation. The insertion of an alkene, for example, into the Pd—C cr-bond and elimination of/i-hydrogen affords the allenyl compound 5 (1.2,4-triene). Alkene and CO insertions are typical. The substitution of Pd methoxide with hard carbon nucleophiles or terminal alkynes in the presence of Cul takes place via transmetallation to yield the allenyl compound 6. By these reactions, various allenyl derivatives can be prepared. 

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