Promoters osteocalcin

Vitamin K promotes the hepatic y-car-boxylation of glutamate residues on the precursors of factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as that of other proteins, e.g., protein C, protein S, or osteocalcin. Carboxyl groups are required for Ca +-mediat-ed binding to phospholipid surfaces (p, 142). There are several vitamin K derivatives of different origins Ichlorophyllous plants I<2 from gut bacteria and I<3 (menadione) synthesized chemically. All are hydrophobic and require bile acids for absorption. 

T. Shirakawa, S. C. Ko, T. A. Gardner, J. Cheon, T. Miyamoto, A. Gotoh, L. W. Chung, and C. Kao, In vivo suppression of osteosarcoma pulmonary metastasis with intravenous osteocalcin promoter-based toxic gene therapy, Cancer Gene Ther. 5 274 (1998). 

Lian, J.B., Stein, G.S., Stein, J.L., van Wijnen, A.J. 1998. Osteocalcin gene promoter unlocking the secrets for regulation of osteoblast growth and differentiation. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 30-31, 62-72. 

Newberry, E.P., Boudreaux, J.M., Towler, D.A. 1997a. Stimulus-selective inhibition of rat osteocalcin promoter induction and protein-DNA interactions by the homeodomain repressor Msx2. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29607-29613. 

Newberry, E.P., Latifi, T., Towler, D.A. 1999. The RRM domain of MINT, a novel Msx2 binding protein, recognizes and regulates the rat osteocalcin promoter. Biochemistry 38, 10678-10690. Newberry, E.P., Latifi, T., Battaile, J.T., Towler, D. 1997b. Structure-function analysis of M.sA 2-mediated transcriptional suppression. Biochemistry 36, 10451-10462. 

Recent research has showed natto has health benefits. In particular, natto has been shown to contain significant amount of vitamin K, which is derived from the microorganism, Bacillus subtilis (Yanogisawa Sumi, 2005). Vitamin is the cofactor that converts nonactivated osteocalcin into activated osteocalcin by carboxyl-ation. In rat as well as in in vitro studies, natto promotes formation of osteocalcin, a bone protein, and participates in bone formation (Yamaguchi et ah, 2001). 

Ko S C, Cheon J, Kao C, et al. (1996). Osteocalcin promoter-based toxic gene therapy for the treatment of osteosarcoma in experimental models. Cancer Res. 56 4614-4619. 

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