Proliferic acid

Proliferic acid (105) and its stereoisomers (106, 107) from several species of the Blechnaceae, were the first A -7,0,3, 8,2 -lignans (83) to be reported (68). Lignans with no methoxy or methylendioxy groups are rather unusual and it is noteworthy that these lignans 105, 106 and 107 have free carboxyl groups. In brainic acid (108), isolated from Brainea insignis one of the carboxyl groups is esterified with shikimic acid (834) (68). 

Proliferic acid Blechnum orientale L. C18H14O8 amorphous -145 68... 

Proliferous Polymerization. Eady attempts to polymerize VP anionicaHy resulted in proliferous or "popcorn" polymerization (48). This was found to be a special form of free-radical addition polymerization, and not an example of anionic polymerization, as originally thought. VP contains a relatively acidic proton alpha to the pyrroHdinone carbonyl. In the presence of strong base such as sodium hydroxide, VP forms cross-linkers in situ probably by the following mechanism ... 

The proliferation of acidity functions is a consequence of the activity coefficient cancellation assumption. According to Eq. (8-89), a plot of log(cB/cBH+) against Hq should be linear with unit slope. Such plots are usually linear (for bases of closely related structure), but the slopes often differ from unity. - This behavior is an indication that the cancellation assumption (also called the zero-order approximation) is not valid, and several groups have devised alternatives. We will use the symbolism of Cox and Yates. ... 

A correlation of enhanced synthesis of polyamines with rapid growth or cell proliferation has been observed 21. From a physiological point of view, polyamines are implicated as regulators of cell proliferative activity 22). It is well known that polyamines, as protonated polycations, can bind with nucleotide and nucleic acid anions 23 241 to affect biochemical reactivities and stabilize tertiary structures 25,26). 

Phosphorylation is the reversible process of introducing a phosphate group onto a protein. Phosphorylation occurs on the hydroxyamino acids serine and threonine or on tyrosine residues targeted by Ser/Thr kinases and tyrosine kinases respectively. Dephosphorylation is catalyzed by phosphatases. Phosphorylation is a key mechanism for rapid posttranslational modulation of protein function. It is widely exploited in cellular processes to control various aspects of cell signaling, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell survival, cell metabolism, cell motility, and gene transcription. 

Di- and mono-esters of phthalic acid, an ortho-dicarboxylic acid derivative of benzene. These compounds are widely used as industrial plasticizers to coat polyvinylchloride surfaces of plastics used in food packaging and medical devices (iv drip bags, blood storage bags, etc.) and are common environmental contaminants. Several phthalate mono-esters are peroxisome proliferator chemicals and can activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR. 

The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by certain endogenous retinoids, such as 9-cis-retinoic acid. RXR is the obligatory heterodimerization partner for a large number of nonclassic steroid nuclear receptors, such as thyroid hoimone receptor, vitamin D3 receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and pregnane X receptor. 

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