Product inhibition patterns bisubstrate reactions

TABLE 11.5 Cleland nomenclature for bisubstrate reactions exemplified. Three common kinetic mechanisms for bisubstrate enzymatic reactions are exemplified. The forward rate equations for the order bi bi and ping pong bi hi are derived according to the steady-state assumption, whereas that of the random bi bi is based on the quasi-equilibrium assumption. These rate equations are first order in both A and B, and their double reciprocal plots (1A versus 1/A or 1/B) are linear. They are convergent for the order bi bi and random bi bi but parallel for the ping pong bi bi due to the absence of the constant term (KiaKb) in the denominator. These three kinetic mechanisms can be further differentiated by their product inhibition patterns (Cleland, 1963b)... 

However, the primary double reciprocal plots of some rapid equilibrium systems are identical. In rapid equilibrium systems, in the presence of the products of reaction, the primary reciprocal plots are very characteristic and depend on the number and type of enzyme-substrate and enzyme-product complexes that can form. Therefore, in order to distinguish between different t5q>es, one must revert to product inhibition patterns that can easily distinguish between aU types of rapid equilibrium bisubstrate systems (Plowman, 1972 Segel, 1975) (Table 2). 

In practice, uncompetitive and mixed inhibition are observed only for enzymes with two or more substrates—say, Sj and S2—and are very important in the experimental analysis of such enzymes. If an inhibitor binds to the site normally occupied by it may act as a competitive inhibitor in experiments in which [SJ is varied. If an inhibitor binds to the site normally occupied by S2, it may act as a mixed or uncompetitive inhibitor of Si. The actual inhibition patterns observed depend on whether the and S2-binding events are ordered or random, and thus the order in which substrates bind and products leave the active site can be determined. Use of one of the reaction products as an inhibitor is often particularly informative. If only one of two reaction products is present, no reverse reaction can take place. However, a product generally binds to some part of the active site, thus serving as an inhibitor. Enzymologists can use elaborate kinetic studies involving different combinations and amounts of products and inhibitors to develop a detailed picture of the mechanism of a bisubstrate reaction. 

The nomenclature of Cleland is very versatile and can be applied to even more complex inhibition patterns that occur in double reciprocal plots. In addition, the nomenclature of Cleland is also applicable to double reciprocal plots for bisubstrate and tiisubstrate reactions, in the absence and in the presence of the products of reaction, which makes this nomenclamre even more versatile. 

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