Process trends criteria

Although a number of factors affect structural evolution in sol-gel processing, many of the observed trends can be explained on the basis of the stability of the M-O-M bond in its synthesis environment. Structures which form in solution are the products of a successive series of hydrolysis, condensation and restructuring reactions. M-0-M bonds which are unstable with respect to hydrolysis and alcoholysis are absent. In borates this criterion precludes gelation for systems with insufficient fractions of 4-coordinated borons. In silicates... 

With the invention of acid magenta (1877) and fast red AV (1878), Caro successfully established BASF in both the field of acidic triphenylmethane dyes and the newly revived field of azo dyestuffs. The most important criterion for his success was a careful study of trends in the dyestuff industry. In particular it was essential to enter into manufacture of novel dyes not long after they had been introduced by competitors. To achieve this it was necessary to analyse new dyestuffs, improve on the manufacturing processes and, in the best case, invent patentable analogues or improvements. Here I consider one example, in order to make clear the method of invention in Caro s laboratory. 

Table 45 lists the Weibull parameters for the 80 lead UTQFP component. Notice that only a few components were tested in some cases. This was a result of large fallout during the board assembly process resulting in misplaced components as well as solder joint bridging. A relative comparison based on alloy A1 is shown in Figure 33. Weibull analysis was not performed for alloy All as there were only two failures for this alloy. Comparing the mean life, all alloys performed better than alloy A1 for this component. Although the mean life for All was not calculated, it would have exhibited a longer mean life compared to alloy A1 based on the first failure data given in Table 45. The same trend can be observed by using a first failure criterion, except for A14, which had lower first failure life than Al.

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