Probes bioprobes

OFDs can be divided into two subclasses (1) optical fiber chemical detectors (OFCD) which detect the presence of chemical species in samples, and (2) optical fiber biomolecular detectors (OFBD) which detect biomolecules in samples. Each subclass can be divided further into probes and sensors, and bioprobes and biosensors, respectively. As a result of the rapid expansion of optical research, these terms have not been clearly defined and to date, the terms probe and sensof have been used synonymously in the literature. As the number of publications increases, the terminology should be clarified. Although both probes and sensors serve to detect chemicals in samples, they are not identical. The same situation exists with bioprobes and biosensors. Simply, probes and bioprobes are irreversible to the analyte s presence, whereas sensors and biosensors monitor compounds reversibly and continuously. 

The detection limits of the antibody-sandwich bioprobe was monitored by immersing the probe into vials containing variable antigen concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 ng/ml as shown in Figure 7.16. 

BioProbes 18, Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oregon, November 1993, p. 20. 

Recently, the surface-modified gold nanorods were used as probe materials for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [20, 21] and photoacoustic spectroscopy [50]. The SERS can give information on the vibrational modes of organic molecules on or near the gold nanorods, while photoacoustic spectroscopy is a sensitive way to detect photothermal conversion. These methods will open up new applications of gold nanorods as bioprobes. 

In general, bioprobes are defined [1] as follows Bioprobes are functional molecules or devices that provide information about biological systems. They can fimction on a macroscopic, microscopic, or submicroscopic scale (bionanometrology and molecular-scale observation of biological systems). The term bioprobe is used in this chapter, however, to describe molecular structures that can function as probes to provide information about biological systems. These are molecular bioprobes, as distinct, for example, from microelectrodes or other macroscopic... 

Eu2(L )3] was specifically designed to shift the wavelength (from 330 up to 365 nm), which results in a loss of quantum yield (9%), but proved to be good enough in time-resolved spectroscopy and a better bioprobe than [Eu2(L )3] for confocal microscopy. [Eu2(L )3] with x = 4, 6 where two other probes developed for the same purpose, but their physicochemical and/or photophysical properties were not good enough to consider ftiem for any application. 

Bioimaging with Lanthanide Luminescent Probes and Bioprobes... 

Encapsulation of the chelates into nanopartieles often results in further improvements of their photophysical properties [219,220]. We have also seen above that relatively modest quantum yields can be compensated by introducing several emitting ions in one probe. This is achieved in luminescent metal-organic frameworks [221] or dendrimeric complexes [214] which then present attractive properties, including multifunctionality and nanoscale processability, for chemical sensors and bioprobes. 

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