Probe calibration and image artefacts

A reliable and u.ser-friendly method for evaluating An for V-shaped levers deserves particular attention. Equation (17) con.stitutes the lowest-order approximation for purposes of modeling An. The expression has been used in several studies with various degrees of success (e.g., [40]), Two correction factors have been derived [46], which offer additional accuracy without unnecessarily adding complexity to the treatment. Application of the first factor to the lowest-order approximation, Eq. (17), results in 

Finite difference calculation Parallel beam approximation Static response method.s 

Several related methods have been developed which involve deflection of an unknown lever by a precalibrated standard lever. In essence, the unknown lever is deflected a measurable distance by a known force derived from moving the precalibrated standard lever a known distance. The following expression may be u.sed to calculate An for the unknown lever  

A full description of the system requires that the shape of the apex of the tip be known, since that affects both the area over which the normal force is applied and the adhesive force, as well as the scan speed [49J. 

A recent paper [451 describes modeling of the torsional, longitudinal and normal spring constants of V-shaped levers. The lateral spring constant at the tip is 

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