Principles of Convection

Our development in this chapter is primarily analytical in character and is concerned only with forced-convection flow systems. Subsequent chapters will present empirical relations for calculating forced-convection heat transfer and will also treat the subjects of natural convection and boiling and condensation heat transfer. 

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The mathematical principles of convective heat transfer are complex and outside the scope of this section. The problems are often so complicated that theoretical handling is difficult, and full use is made of empirical correlation formulas. These formulas often use different variables depending on the research methods. Inaccuracy in defining material characteristics, experimental errors, and geometric deviations produce noticeable deviations between correlation formulas and practice. Near the validity boundaries of the equations, or in certain unfavorable cases, the errors can be excessive. 

Renal replacement by an artificial device providing continuous filtration of plasma based on the physical principle of convection. 

Kaviany, M., Principles of Convective Heat Transfer, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994. 

The two types of processes currently used in dry-heat sterilization include 1) dry-heat batch sterilization/ oven sterilization and 2) dry-heat tunnel sterilization. Process 1 is the type of dry heat unit widely used in the pharmaceutical industry it uses the principle of convective heat transfer to heat the load. Process 2 is only found in large-scale processes, and the main application of this process is in the sterilization and depyrogenation of glass.f ... 

The concentration profile outside the catalyst particle is controlled by the principles of convective mass transfer (or in a packed bed, interparticle mass transfer). Although the details of convective transport are beyond the scope of this course, it is... 

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