Principle of reciprocity

We assume the principle of reciprocity between radiation and reception, allowing us to associate the same distribution (p,0,z) for emission and reception. 

Consequently, knowledge of the t90 of both coils - for the same applied rf power -allows a rough calculation of the expected signal-to-noise ratio, in agreement with the principle of reciprocity [27]. The sensitivity ratio between the two coils is thus given by... 

This may shed some light on some recent controversy. A group of behavioural ecologists discovered that among lions, the principle of reciprocity seemed not to hold. That , it was claimed, throws a monkey wrench into the classic explanation for the evolution of cooperation in a selfish, dog-eat-dog (or lion-eat-gazelle) world (see Morell, 1995). 

Many of the CSPs have been developed by systematically applying the principle of reciprocity of (enantioselective) molecular recognition. This states that if a single enantiomeric molecule of a chiral SO has different affinities for the enantiomers of a pair of selectands, then a single enantiomer of the latter will have different affinities for the enantiomers of the initial selector molecule, as well as for structurally related solutes. 

Any comparison of the imaging characteristics of STEM and CTEM must, then, invoke the principle of reciprocity, considered by numerous authors. Put most simply, reciprocity between the reversed paths in Figure 2 for STEM and CTEM implies that, for identical geometrical conditions, the resolution and contrast in the... 

According to the principle of reciprocity, TEM and STEM mode are equivalent in a qualitative way. For instance, what is observed in a HRTEM image is similar to what is seen in a high-resolution BF STEM image. From the principle of reciprocity also follows that a large electron source in TEM mode is equivalent to the use of a large STEM detector that integrates the... 

Many of the chiral stationary phases have been developed by systematically applying the principle of reciprocity to the enantiomer binding interactions. A number of diverse racemates are analyzed on a chiral stationary phase containing as chiral selector the immobilized target molecule for the enantiomers of which a new selector is desired. The racemate showing the highest enantioselectivity in this system is selected, and... 

Fig. 45 Principle of reciprocating screw injection molding (according to [7])...

It is clear from this equation that it does not matter which dipole is CC and which is PU, in accordance with the principle of reciprocity. We separate the part of Eq. (6.29) associated with the PU dipole and call it the lead vector H ... 

Chiral stationary phases (CSPs) developed on the basis of the strategy devised by Pirkle et al. (Pirkle 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992 Wolf 2002) depend on an explicit recognition of the three-dimensional fit between the CSP molecule and the enantiomers of the analyte. This strategy is based on Piride s Principle of Reciprocity (Figure 4.14), namely, that a single enantiomer of a racemate which separates well on one CSP will, when used to produce a second CSP, usually afford separation of the enantiomers of analytes that are structurally similar to the chiral selector of the first CSP. Figure 4.14 also shows two chiral selectors that do exhibit reciprocity, as well as a representation of how the specific interaction between the (S)-form of the first CSP can select for one enantiomer of the second. This is a typical example of the Pirkle-type chiral selectivity. 

The feed provides an output for the transmitter and input to the receiver depending on which function the radar is performing. The principle of reciprocity dictates that the transmit and receive antenna patterns are identical. This condition generally holds true for radar antennas unless there are nonlinear components in the antenna (such as ferrite devices) or the illumination function described in the following is dehberately changed between transmit and receive. Hence, the antenna will generally have the same polarization on transmit and receive. 

Malmivuo, J. (2010). Principle of reciprocity solves the most important problems in bioimpedance and in general in bioelectromagnetism. In Journal of Physics Conference Series, 224(1), 012001... 

Principle of reciprocated interest People tend to be motivated to achieve the results that you want to the extent that you show interest in the results they want to achieve. 

It follows from the principle of reciprocity, described by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1853 [Helmholtz, 1853], that the lead field is identical to the electric current field that arises in the volume conductor if a unit current, called reciprocal current Ir, is fed to the lead. 

Certain words or phrases in a conversation can be helpful in diminishing the impact of prejudice filter. For example, when you say "as you know" before giving behavior-based advice, you are limiting the perception of a personal insult and the possibility of a "timeout" filter. By asking people for their input up front, you reduce the likelihood they will later tune you out. It is the principle of reciprocity (Cialdini, 1993). By listening first, you increase the odds the other person will listen to you without a tune-out filter. 

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